Analysis of sources and literature on the history of viticulture and winemaking in Turkestan at the end of XIX beginning of XX century

In this article highlights of issues such as the analysis of sources and literature on the history of viticulture and winemaking in Turkestan at the end of the XIX and beginning of the XX centuries, as well as the role of recorded information in covering the history of viticulture and winemaking are covered.


INTRODUCTION
The development stages are rapidly developing today, the countries of the world are paying great attention to the economic opportunities kengaytirishga, including the delivery of important raw materials for industrial enterprises and the cultivation of natural products. Therefore, the importance of the issues of establishing a competitive economic system in the preparation of grape and grape products in the countries of the world, the practical application of more effective methods of growing natural grapes and grapes, improving the infrastructure of the sector, increasing the export potential in the field is growing.
Special attention is paid to the grape growing and winemaking industry, which is considered one of the effective sectors of the economy in our country. After all, the favorable natural and climatic conditions of our republic create an opportunity to grow unique varieties of "horaki" and technical grapes, as well as to obtain a high stable harvest at low costs.
On February 28, 2018, the head of our state Sh.M.Mirziyoyev took measures to "Radically improve the wine-growing sector and the realization of alcoholic products" and Decrees of February 5, 2019 "On the organization of activities of the Agency for the Development of viticulture and winemaking under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan", also, the Decree "On measures to improve the state regulation of production and turnover of alcohol and tobacco products and the development of viticulture and winemaking" will increase the number of technical grapes for further development of viticulture and winemaking in the country, the genetically It is not accidental that in the view of cultivation of new, popular and promising varieties of grapes. Indeed, the preparation of viticulture and grape products, which have been engaged in our ancestors for centuries, has preserved its essence at all historical stages of development. The fact that grapes and products made from it are widely consumed among the population has caused the development of local grapes and grape products in gardening, the emergence of specific traditions in this regard. This, in turn, shows that the production of viticulture and grape products has developed on the basis of specific traditions and is of great importance in the domestic and foreign trade of the country.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire has changed the socio-economic situation of the country. This change was reflected in viticulture and winemaking, like other areas of Agriculture. This serdaromad sphere, which initially was not given serious attention to it level, attracted the attention of colonial authorities slightly later. After all, the colonial government had realized that the Turkistan territory was a favorable region according to the natural climatic conditions, in order to grow grapes and get a more abundant harvest, as well as to develop the winemaking industry, that this area was extremely profitable. Therefore, the interest of the government of the Russian Empire in the production of viticulture and wine, such as agriculture and other industries in the country, increased, and this sphere gradually developed due to its interests.
In the period under study, in covering the history of viticulture and winemaking in the Turkistan region, literature created during the reign of the Russian Empire and publishing materials, as well as archival materials stored in the CSAs of the Republic of Uzbekistan, scientific research works and  literature created during the years of Independence play an important role for us. In Particular, A.I.Shakhnazarov, N.A.Maev, A.I.Dobrosmislov, V.V.Zaorsky, K.A.Aleksander, V.Yuferev's books, as well as periodical published in publications A.Regel, Verbov, A.Pullo, M.I.Virsky, K.A.Timayev, I.Slusky, I.Stekolnikov, I.Teneter, S.Grigoryev's 1 articles and the information recorded in them serve as a theoretical and source basis for us in covering the history of grape growing and winemaking industry in the country during the reign of the Russian Empire.
In the sources and literature created by these authors, local grape varieties, traditional ways of gardening, fresh grapes imported from abroad and their acclimatization to the climatic conditions of the country, processing of grape raw materials, wine and their types, domestic and external. Important information on the prices of grapes and wine products in the markets, as well as the lifestyle of wineries and the segments of the population working in them.
The authors note that the people of Turkestan have long been engaged in the cultivation of viticulture and its local varieties, and the preparation of wine from the grapes, and have a unique historical experience in this regard. Local people used grapes naturally, with juice and dried. According to A.I.Shahnazarov, historically and geographically, grapes are culturally and wildly distributed in almost all irrigated and mountainous and low-water areas of the whole Turkestan region. For example, in the case of the Pskent valley, the grapes began in the mountainous village of Buston and spread over 2,800 -4,000 feet above sea level. It is noted that the grape borders the northern distribution of grapes on the territory of Tashkent to the city of Avliyoota, and the southern border to the suburbs of Chimkent and Tashkent and to the Khujand district 2 .
In addition, in these literature, it is worth mentioning the distribution of viticulture in the Turkistan region by Regions, the growth of grape fields and its causes, as well as the leading position of this sector of Agriculture in the provinces of weezdalr. For example, in comparison with the regions of Sirdarya and Fergana in the Samarkand region, the country has a high level of grapes and grape products. On the example of these data, we can see that the colonial government began to pay special attention not only to the Samarkand region, but also to this sphere, where agriculture is a serdarom in the whole country. After all, one of the lessons of such a rapid picture of the grape fields on the example of the Samarkand region is undoubtedly one of the activities carried out by the colonial government mainly on Also in this source and literature there is important information about the amount of harvest from grapes in the country. For example, the total amount of harvest from grapes in one year from 19 282 desyatina land area in the regions of the country was as follows: 5 197 000 9 poods in the Samarkand region, 500 000 poods in the Sirdarya Region, 2 558 000 poods in the Fergana region, and 6 225 000 poods in the country 10 .

MAIN PART
In the current literature and sources, important information on grape gardens and agrotechnical rules of their cultivation in Samarkand, Syrdarya and Fergana regions, as well as the art of care of grape trees were also noted. For example, three different methods of caring for grape trees in the country, the technique of processing them, were used, the first one and the main method was hanging and processing grapes in the form of a sawdust, focusing on each other. According to the second method, grapes were planted and cared for on the couches in the form of an angle facing one side. According to the third method, grapes were grown on earth in a natural state and it was noted that they were processed 11 .
The local grapes grown from the time immemorial and their varieties are also mentioned in the sources and literature, which are also seen in the country. For example, from the authors A.I.Shakhnazarov noted that no scientific researches have been carried out on the local grape varieties grown by the inhabitants of the country until 1895 in the Turkestan region and their specific features, and he was one of the first to work on this issue and that is was one of the leading specialists of his field N.I.Korolkov, I.I.Geyer, S.I.Lidskogo and Mr. Pullos argue that they are great helped him.

DISCUSSIONS
It is noted in the sources and literature that there were more than thirty types of local varieties of grapes in the country during the period under consideration. These are Chillaki, Charos, OqKishmish, QoraKishmish, Dombrobi, Mayizi, Katta-Qurgon, Doroi, OqvaPushtiHusayni, Hasayni, Sahobi, Gilami, Ofpari, Buaki, Maska, Nabishi, Xojaakhrori, Sultoni, Shakarangur, Alvoni, Sirkoi, Shuvurgon, Xotinbarmok and other similar grape varieties were grown and they were harvested abundantly 12 . 6 ЎзР МДА, И. From local grape varieties with its fertility, with an abundance of sugar content and sweetness, as well as fertility in the production of wine, varieties such as Charos, Oq and Qora Kishmish, Maska, Buvaki, Khujaakhroriand Sultan are distinguished in comparison with other local varieties. The local population used to prepare grapes in a natural state, wine (musallas) as a drink, raisins in dried case, as well as juice products, they consumed them, brought the increase from fasting to domestic and foreign markets and sold them.
In these sources and publications, information on new grape varieties imported from abroad to the Turkestan region and their climatization, establishment of horticultural experimental plantations in this regard, involvement of specialists in this field in the country and their activities in the development of viticulture and wine industry are also mentioned.
In particular, fertile and vinous varieties of grapes are cultivated mainly from Ukraine (mainly Crimea), Moldova, the Caucasus and other places. When the first grape varieties were imported to Turkestan from abroad in 1868 to Tashkent Oasis, Samarkand from the regions of the country became the main center for the cultivation of new grape varieties from abroad and laying the foundations for large grape plantations 13 . Since 1869, in additionCrimean, Caucasian and Ukrainian regions of the Russian Empire, Turkestan has been brought and localized in such countries as France, Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, as well as new varieties of grapes from the American continent.
In the Turkestan region from 1888 year works on the cultivation of new grape varieties, hundreds of varieties of fresh grapes from abroad were distributed and sold to gardeners. In particular, at the beginning of the XX century in the regions of Samarkand region 50 desyatina new varieties of grapes from abroad such as QoraPtiverdo, Frank-mens, Izabella, Kaberno-Savinon, Oqshampan, Risling, Sotern, O-Porto, Modern-Malvazi, Lakrima-xristi, Oqmuskatwere taken care of and harvested in the norm satisfying gardeners 14 .
A.I.Shakhnazarov, M.Nevessky, E.A.Glushenko such as noted in their works and articles, as well as in archival materials, that Tashkent is one of the gardeners N.I.Ivanov and I.I.Pervushin, Samarkand gardeners A.L.Filatov and R.S.Prokhovsky made a great contribution to bringing from abroad new grape varieties to the country and adapting them to local conditions. In particular, about 20 varieties, such as Ati-Vedro, Frank-Pino, Merlo, Saperani Muscati, Yakrima, Christi, Yakrima-Dolche, Isabella, as well as black and red varieties of grapes, such as Sotern, Risling, Madera, Gro-Risling, oq Muscat, yellow-tinged Alexandria, Shoslae, such as about a dozen new varieties of grapes and their climatization, the services of these specialists were great 15 .
In the sources and literature reviewed above, as well as in the articles published in the publications, it is noted that their prices are also different in the markets of the regions of the Turkestan region, depending on the varieties of grapes. For example, in the last decade, the prices of new grapes in the markets of Samarkand oasis averaged one pud 20-40 kopeek(the price of Sahobi and Hussein is 50 kopeek, the rest is 20 kopeek), in Khujand 40-50 kopeek, in the Katta Kurgan30-40 kopeek, in Jizzakh oasis 50 kopeek, in Namangan and Kokand regions of Fergana region 40-50 kopeek, in Tashkent oasis from 70 kopeek-1 ruble to 20 kopeek, in Tashkent City from 2-2 rubles to 60 kopeek 16 .
In addition, in the sources and literature analyzed, remarkable information about the plants producing wine in the Turkestan region and the production capacities of these plants has been mentioned. In Particular, A.I.Shakhnazarov, N.Maev such as noted in the works and articles and archival materials that Samarkand was the first in terms of wine production in the Turkestan region, Tashkent, Katta Kurgan, Kokand, Margilan, Andijan and Namangan cities stood in the next places. In Samarkand with winemaking Filatov, Prokhovsky, Tolochinov, in Tashkent  In the wider and more complete coverage of issues such as the processing of grape products in the Turkestan region and the number of plants preparing wine and the number of workers working in them, wages and the working conditions created for them, the information presented in the archive materials for us is also considered important.
In particular, according to the information recorded in the archive materials, in 1891, 33 000 pud were produced at the wine plant belonging to Pervushin, the only one in Tashkent. And the number of workers in the plant was 25 people, the salary given to them was from 12 rubles to 18 rubles. The working hours were up to 14-17 hours, when they worked in severe conditions 18 .
The prices of wine and wine products in the local markets also varied depending on the demand and quality. For example, in Tashkent Grapes and wine products grown in the country of Turkestan have been exported abroad, in addition to domestic markets. In particular, grapes and wine products grown in the country were transported to Astrakhan through the Caspian region and in it to fairs in the internal regions of Russia, as well as in the regions of Siberia. In addition to the literature considered above, a number of materials 20 stored in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the information recorded in them are also of great importance in the wider coverage of the social, political and economic aspects of the subject.

RESULTS
Special attention was paid to the study of viticulture and winemaking, its history, which was also one of the important branches of Agriculture in the years of independence and some aspects of the subject were analyzed in the studies carried out by historian scientists and in the literature they wrote. In particular, the historical development stages of the preparation of grape and grape products, the situation of the cultivation of grape and grape products by the example of Samarkand, Syrdarya and Fergana regions of the Turkestan region during the years of the reign of the Russian Empire, the emergence of the winemaking industry, the sale of grapes and wine products, the essence 21 , coverage of workers engaged in the preparation of grape and grape products and wine in the cities of ylka in the late XIXearly XX centuries and their working conditions, as well as the issue of growing grape and grape products in the publishing house of Turkestan 22 ,issues such as the activities of the grape processing and wine-making plants in the country were also reflected.

CONCLUSION
As a result of the analysis of the above sources and literature, archival materials and periodical publications, as well as data on the subject, which were reflected in the research conducted during the years of independence, the following conclusions can be drawn: -Although a number of researches were carried out on the history of the Turkestan country at the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX centuries, there were no special scientific researches in the field of viticulture and winemaking of the history of this period in a holistic way; -As a result of the analysis of literature on the history of viticulture and winemaking, archival materials, as well as articles published in publications in the Turkistan region, the importance of the topic in covering historical, geographical, socio-political and economic aspects was considered; -The level of coverage of issues such as new grape varieties and their climatization, vinous local and new grape varieties, prices of grape and wine products in domestic markets, the role of grapes and wine products in the domestic and foreign trade of the country were analyzed in the sources and literature, as well as in publications.