International Journal on Integrated Education

Examine The Independent Discoveries of Calculus and the Subsequent Rivalry Between Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Stephen Kelvin Sata — 2025-01-14

The independent discovery of calculus by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz represents a defining milestone in the history of mathematics and science, highlighting the intellectual genius of both men and the complexity surrounding the recognition of scientific achievement in the 17th century. Newton, working in England, developed his own version of calculus, which he called the “method of fluxes,” as a way to solve fundamental problems in physics, including motion, gravitation, and rates of change. His approach was deeply rooted in physical applications and intuitive reasoning. At the same time, Leibniz, working in Germany, independently formulated calculus with a greater emphasis on mathematical rigor, formalism, and generalization. His systematic notation, including the integral (∫) and differential (dx) symbols, provided a framework that remains the standard in modern mathematics. The rivalry between Newton and Leibniz on the invention of calculus arose in a context of poor communication, nationalistic fervor and mutual distrust. Newton's major work on calculus preceded Leibniz's, as his notes and correspondence show, but the latter was the first to publish his findings in 1684 and 1686. This publication established the its notation and methods in the mathematical community. Newton, however, claimed priority based on his earlier but unpublished contributions, leading to a contentious dispute that lasted decades. National loyalties further exacerbated the conflict, with English mathematicians supporting Newton and continental mathematicians rallying behind Leibniz. This long-running controversy, known as the "Newton-Leibniz calculus controversy," had far-reaching consequences. While it created divisions within the European mathematical community, it also catalyzed rapid advances in the development and application of calculus. The controversy forced mathematicians to refine their methods, clarify concepts, and expand the theoretical foundations of the discipline. This article examines the chronology of the discoveries, the philosophical and methodological differences between Newton's and Leibniz's approaches, and the sociopolitical factors that intensified their rivalry. By examining the historical context and outcomes of this pivotal episode, the article highlights the paradox of independent discoveries: while they can lead to conflicts over priority and recognition, they often serve as catalysts for significant progress and innovation in intellectual and scientific inquiry. The Newton-Leibniz controversy not only reshaped the trajectory of mathematics, but also emphasized the interdependence of intellectual endeavors and the role of cooperation, even in the midst of rivalry.

Social Media Usage and Academic Performance of Undergraduate Science Education Students: Evidence From Universities in Rivers State, Nigeria

Wisdom J. OWO — 2025-01-23

The rise of information and communication technology, particularly social media, has profoundly shaped human behaviour due to its global acceptance and relevance in various areas of life. Students, in particular, are increasingly active on social networking platforms, often displaying inappropriate usage, such as during lectures or in places of worship. This study explores how social media usage affects the academic performance of science education students at universities in Rivers State, Nigeria. A sample of 1,026 students was randomly chosen from Ignatius Ajuru University of Education (IAUE) and Rivers State University (RSU) to complete a questionnaire designed by the researcher. Results of the study revealed that students primarily use social media for communication (mean = 3.89), with Facebook being the most frequently used platform for academic purposes (mean = 3.92) and skype the least used (mean = 1.03). The result also show that while social media has both positive and negative effects on academic performance, poor time management and unregulated use significantly contribute to the negative impacts. To address these issues, students are encouraged to adopt effective time management strategies and prioritize their responsibilities and social media usage. Additionally, students should focus on leveraging social media to enhance their academic outcomes rather than engaging in excessive or nonessential activities on social media.

Online Advertising Platforms and Customers Patronage of Online Retail Stores in Port Harcourt

Ebikoboere Otuogha Iyo — 2025-01-23

This study investigated the relationship between online advertising platforms and customers patronage of online retail stores in Port Harcourt. The population of the study comprised of 2,378,307 customers who patronized online retail stores in the Port Harcourt metropolis. A sample size of 400 was utilized for this study and this was derived using the Taro Yamane formula. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled Online Advertising Platforms and Customer Patronage Questionnaire (OATCPQ). Data collected were coded into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0, and were analyzed using descriptive analytical statistics such as Percentages, while Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used for testing the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha levels. The findings of the study showed that there was significant relationship between online advertising marketing and repeat purchase in online retail stores in Port Harcourt; there was significant relationship between online advertising and referrals in online retail stores in Port Harcourt; there was significant relationship between social media marketing and brand loyalty in online retail stores in Port Harcourt; internet access has significant influence on the relationship between digital marketing and customers patronage in online retail stores in Port Harcourt, amongst others. It was concluded that digital marketing enhances repeat purchase, referrals, and loyalty to a brand; also, sales margin and revenue generation by online retail stores could sky rocket if digital marketing platforms are employed to advertise their products Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that online retail companies that are using online platforms should systemize of notifying customers of their products, as it is vital for companies to stay connected with their customers.

Emotional Rhetoric In Political Discourse: Analyzing President Bush's Speeches On The Iraq War Through Chilton's Emotional Theory

Mohammed Hameed Rasheed — 2025-01-29

This study critiques President Bush’s speeches on the Iraq war and terrorism through the lens of Chilton's emotional theory, highlighting the complex relationship between language emotion and politically persuasive belief. The study, which deconstructed five significant speeches between 2001 and 2003, reveals how Bush used emotional rhetoric to stir public sentiment and justify military action. Using a rigorous approach to discourse analysis, the study identified eight vital emotional components, such as fear of attack and safety. It showed. It showed that 59% of the sentences analyzed were designed to evoke specific emotional responses. The findings underscore the strategic use of language in political discourse, demonstrating how emotional manipulation serves as a means to influence public opinion and legitimize the legitimacy of controversial policies. Moreover, Political speech is a powerful linguistic tool in world politics that can identify the destiny of countries under the conditions of war. Therefore, it is worth investigating the strategies that politicians apply in their political speeches to achieve their political goals. This study critically examines President Bush's speech on the Iraq war and terrorism through Chilton's emotional theory. The study shows that political discourse is not just a means for information but a powerful tool for shaping public sentiment and guiding decision-making. Using emotional language, Bush effectively instilled feelings of fear and belief that were critical to winning public support for military action. The dominant themes of lingering memories of 11 served to incite fear, while assertions about American military strength and security boosted confidence.

Educational Counseling Services and Enhancement of Entrepreneurial Skills among Secondary School Students in Bamenda city, North West, Cameroon

Catherine Chuo Wung — 2025-02-14

One of the core aspects of school counselling is to guide students in relation to the development of entrepreneurial skills which could be beneficial to their daily lives. The purpose of this paper was to assess the influence of educational counseling services like orientation and information services on enhancement of entrepreneurial skills among secondary school students in Bamenda city. The research design used in this study was the concurrent nested design. Qualitative data collected from 11 school counselors through the Educational Counseling and Entrepreneurship Interview Guide (ECEIG), were used to substantiate the quantitative data from 395 secondary high school students gotten through the Educational Counseling and Entrepreneurship Questionnaire (ECEQ). Descriptive statistics (in form of frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (Chi square, and regression analyses) were used to analyze the quantitative data. Thematic analysis is used to analyze qualitative data and results displayed in tabular and narrative forms. The findings reveal that: majority of the students (78%) received orientation service on entrepreneurial skills from their school counselors. A Chi Square test of association and a binary logistic regression revealed that there was a significant (P-value < 0.001) influence of orientation service on the enhancement of entrepreneurial skills among secondary school students in the Bamenda city. It was also noticed that majority of the students (68%) from the overall findings received information service on entrepreneurial skills from their school counselor. A Chi Square test of association and a binary logistic regression revealed a significant (P-value < 0.001) influence of information service on the enhancement of entrepreneurial skills among secondary school students in the Bamenda city. It is recommended that school administrators in collaboration with counselors should organize official yearly career orientation days and ensure that adequate information on entrepreneurial skills i made available for students.

Caregiver Variables on Preschoolers’ Classroom Participation in Public Early Childhood Centres of Rivers East Senatorial District of Rivers State

Ejekwu Princewill Okechukwu — 2025-02-20

The study looked into how carer characteristics affected preschoolers' involvement in class at public early development facilities in Rivers State's East Senatorial District. The research design used in the study was a descriptive survey. Six research questions and six hypotheses that were assessed at the.05 alpha levels of significance served as the study's compass. 717 carers made up the study's population. 287 carers made up the study's sample. Both basic random sampling and stratified sampling were used to choose the sample. The researcher's validated "Carers' Variables and Classroom Participation of Preschoolers Questionnaire (CVCPPQ)" served as the data gathering tool. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was 0.68. The study's results, which were obtained using the statistical tool Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), indicate that the qualifications of carers have a significant impact on the classroom participation of preschoolers in public early childhood centres in Rivers East Senatorial District of Rivers State; the teaching experience of carers has a significant impact on the classroom participation of preschoolers in public early childhood centres in Rivers East Senatorial District of Rivers State; and the gender of carers has a significant impact on the classroom participation of preschoolers in public early childhood centres in Rivers State.

Supply Chain Management and Performance of Juhel Pharmaceutical Company, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

Adaora Florence Okeke (Ph.D) — 2025-02-21

This study examines the effect of supply chain management on performance of Juhel pharmaceutical company, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design. The population of the study comprised sixty-seven (67) employees of Juhel Pharmaceutical Company, Awka, Anambra State. Questionnaire was employed as the instrument of data collection. The study found that strategic supplier partnership, customer relationship and the level and quality of information sharing have significant effect on the performance of Juhel pharmaceutical company. The study concluded that supply chain management has significant positive effect on performance. The study recommended that companies should consider adopting supply chain practices particularly strategic supplier partnership fully as the potential benefits to be realized are enormous compared to the initial and operational cost of implementing the practice.

2023 Post-Election Adjustment Behaviour Among Undergraduates at Ignatius Ajuru University of Education: Implications for Counselling

Onisoya Maclean PhD — 2025-02-21

This study investigates 2023 post-election adjustment behaviour among undergraduates at Ignatius Ajuru University of Education and its implications for counselling. The study was guided by three objectives, research questions and hypotheses. The study was anchored on the cognitive dissonance theory. A descriptive research design was employed for the study. The population of the study consisted of 2,160 400-level undergraduates from the Faculty of Education, at Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, with a Taro Yemen's informed sample size of 338 undergraduates. Data was collected using a 4-point Likert scale questionnaire. The questionnaire was validated and tested for reliability using Cronbach's alpha, with a coefficient of 0.85 indicating high internal consistency. The mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while the hypotheses were tested using t-tests at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings, among others, revealed that females showed higher levels of post-election adjustment behaviours compared to males. Furthermore, the hypothesis showed that there is a significant difference in the perceptions of undergraduates based on their gender in the post-election adjustment behaviours exhibited after the 2023 elections. Based on the findings, the study concluded that gender plays a crucial role in determining how undergraduates cope with post-election adjustments, with females demonstrating a greater tendency towards seeking social support and self-care. The counselling implications of these results suggest that tailored interventions may be more effective if they take into account gender differences in coping strategies, potentially leading to more successful outcomes for both male and female students during times of political stress.