Geochemical characterization of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment from new calabar river
Keywords:
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, n-alkanes, Geochemical Characterization, New Calabar River
Abstract
Geochemical characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and n-alkanes in sediment and water from New Calabar Rivers was carried out using gas chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector (FID). A total of twenty-six (26) n-alkanes were quantified and identified for water sample whereas the sediment sample recorded a total of twenty-five (25) n-alkanes. The n-alkane concentrations varied between 0.48-43.80 for sediment samples and 0.27-22.0 for water sample. The study involves the use of some geochemical parameters such as CPI, , Paq LHC/SHC for characterization of n-alkanes. The n-alkane in sediment and water from the study area ranged from with at suggesting mixed contribution of terrestrial plant wax and petroleum/microbial sources of organic matter. < 25 are indicative of petroleum and microbial source input while > 25 reflects the incorporation of higher plant wax. The PAHs detected and quantified in the samples are the regular PAHs found in the ecosystem and are formed from anthropogenic sources. Based on the study, it was discovered that water and sediment from the study area had variable contributions to n-alkanes and PAHs predominantly petroleum inputs as the secondary source (allochthonous) continental inputs and microbial inputs from organic matter such as macrophytes and phytoplanktonic derived organic matter as its primary source (autochthonous) planktonic inputs.
References
Abdel-Shafy, Hussein I. (2016). "A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation". Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25 (1): 107–123. doi:10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011.
Amos-Tautua, B.M.W., Inengite, A.K., Abasi, C.Y. and Amirize, G.C. (2013). Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and some Heavy Metals in Roasted Food Snacks in Amassoma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(10):961-966
Atkinson, R.; Arey, J. (1994-10-01). "Atmospheric chemistry of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: formation of atmospheric mutagens". Environmental Health Perspectives, 102: 117–126. doi:10.2307/3431940.
Baklanov A., O. Hänninen, L. H. Slørdal, J. Kukkonen, N. Bjergene, B. Fay, S. Finardi, S. C. Hoe, M. Jantunen, A. Karppinen, A. Rasmussen, A. Skouloudis, R. S. Sokhi, J. H. Sørensen, and V. Ødegaard. (2007). Integrated Systems for Forecasting Urban Meteorology, Air Pollution and Population Exposure. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7: 855–874.
Ben, A., Emma, H., John, U., & Tony F. (2014). Lung Cancer Risk After Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review and Meta-Analysis, Environ Health Perspect, 112(9):970-978.
Beyer, J., Jonsson, G., Porte, C., Krahn, M.M., & Ariese, F. (2010). Analytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in fish bile: A review (Review). Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 30(3), 224-244.
Bouloubassi, I., Lipiatou, E., Saliot, A., Tolosa, I., Bayona, J.M., and Albaiges, J. (1997). Carbon Sources and Cycle in the Western Mediterranean -The use of Molecular Markers to Determine the Origin of Organic Matter. Deep-Sea Resources and Petroleum II, 44: 781-799.
Burchiel, S.W., & Luster, M.I. (2001). Signaling by environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human lymphocytes. Clinical Immunology, 98(1), 2-10.
Chen, H.-Y., Teng, Y.-G., & Wang, J.-S. (2012). Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of the Rizhao coastal area (China) using diagnostic ratios and factor analysis with nonnegative constraints. Science of the Total Environment, Volume 414, Pages 293-300.
Dashti, Narjes; Ali, Nedaa; Eliyas, Mohamed; Khanafer, Majida; Sorkhoh, Naser A.; Radwan, Samir S. (March 2015). "Most Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria in the Total Environment are Diazotrophic, which Highlights Their Value in the Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminants". Microbes and Environments, 30 (1): 70–75.
Deyme, R., Bouloubassi, I., Taphanel-Valt, M.H., Miquel, J.C., Lorre, A., Marty, J.C. and Méjanelle, L. (2011).Vertical Fluxes of Aromatic and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in the North-western Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Pollution, 159:3681-3691
Edokpayi, J.N., Odiy, J.O., Oluwaseun, E.P. and Msagati, T.A.M. (2016). Determination and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rivers, Sediments and Wastewater Effluents in Vhembe District, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental
Fredslund, L., Sniegowski, K., Wick, L.Y., Jacobsen, C.S., De Mot, R., & Springael, D. (2008). Surface motility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading mycobacteria. Research in Microbiology, 159(4), 255-262.
Gogou, A., Bouloubassi, I., and Stephanou, E. G. (2000). Marine Organic Geochemistry of the Eastern Mediterranean: 1. Aliphatic and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Cretan Sea Surficial Sediments. Marine Chemistry, 68: 265-282.
Gough, M.A. and Rowland, S.J. (1990). Characterization of Unresolved Complex Mixtures of Hydrocarbons in Petroleum. Nature, 344:648-650.
Hassan, S.S.M., El Azab, .W.I.M., Ali, H.R., & Mansour, M.S.M. (2015). In: The 18th International conference on petroleum, mineral resources and development. EPRI, Cairo, Egypt, 8–10.
Ilechukwu, I., Osuji, L.C. and Onyema, M.O. (2016).Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils within Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Plant Vicinities. J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, 41(2):10-16.
Kim, K.-H., Jahan, S.A., Kabir, E., & Brown, R.J.C. (2013). A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environment International, Volume 60, Pages 71-80.
Kim, Ki-hyun; Jahan, Shamin Ara; Kabir, Ehsanul; Brown, Richard J. C. (October 2013). "A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects". Environment International, 60: 71–80.
Langston, W. J.; O’Hara, S.; Pope, N. D.; Davey, M.; Shortridge, E.; Imamura, M.; Harino, H.; Kim, A.; Vane, C. H. (2011). "Bioaccumulation surveillance in Milford Haven Waterway" (PDF). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184 (1): 289–311.
Masih, Jamson & Masih, Amit & Kulshrestha, Aditi & Singhvi, Raj & Taneja, Ajay. (2010). Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor atmosphere in the North central part of India. Journal of hazardous materials, 177(1-3):190-8.
Masih, Jamson & Singhvi, Raj & Kumar, Krishan & Jain, Vijay & Taneja, Ajay. (2012). Seasonal Variation and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indoor and Outdoor Air in a Semi Arid Tract of Northern India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 12(4), pp. 515-525
Mulabagal, V., Yin, F., John, G.F., Hayworth, J.S. and Clement, T.P. (2013). Chemical Fingerprinting of Petroleum Biomarkers in Deepwater Horizon oil Spill Samples Collected from Alabama Shoreline. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 70:147–154.
Nebert, D. W.; Dalton, T. P.; Okey, A. B.; Gonzalez, F. J. (2004). "Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-mediated Induction of the CYP1 Enzymes in Environmental Toxicity and Cancer". Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279 (23): 23847–23850.
Niu, J., Sun, P., & Schramm, K.-W. (2007). Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with fly ash particles under simulated sunlight irradiation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 186(1), 93-98.
Nkpaa, K.W., Essien, E.B. and Wegwu, M.O (2013). Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Concentrations in Crabs and Shrimps from Crude Oil Polluted Waters of Ogoniland in Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology, 4(6):73-80.
Olsson, A.C., Fevotte, J., Fletcher, T., Cassidy, A., 'T Mannetje, A., Zaridze, D., Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N., Rudnai, P., Lissowska, J., Fabianova, E., Mates, D., Bencko, V., Foretova, L., Janout, V., Brennan, P., & Boffetta, P. (2010). Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lung cancer risk: A multicenter study in Europe. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 67(2), 98-103.
Onyema, M.O., Osuji, L.C. and Ilechukwu, I.P. (2016).Petroleum hydrocarbon variations revealed by chemical fingerprinting of oil spill soils with similar contamination source. Researcher, 8(12):11-18
Oyibo, J.N., Wegwu, M.O., Uwakwe, A.A. and Osuoha, J.O. (2018). Analysis of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in some Selected Fin Fishes at Forcados Terminal, Delta State, Nigeria. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management, 9:128-135
Parinos, C.,Gogou, A., Bouloubassi, I., Pedrosa-Pàmies, R., Hatzianestis, I., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Rousakis, G., Velaoras, D., Krokos, G. and Lykousis, V (2013). Occurrence, Sources and Transport Pathways of Natural and Anthropogenic Hydrocarbons in Deep-sea Sediments of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Biogeosciences, 10: 6069-6089
Peng, R.-H., Xiong, A.-S., Xue, Y., Fu, X.-Y., Gao, F., Zhao, W., Tian, Y.-S., & Yao, Q.-H. (2008). Microbial biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 32(6), 927-955.
Ramesh, A.; Archibong, A.; Hood, D. B.; Guo, Z.; Loganathan, B. G. (2011). "Global environmental distribution and human health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons". Global Contamination Trends of Persistent Organic Chemicals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 97–126.
Silliman, J. E.; Meyers, P. A.; Eadie, B. J.; Val Klump, J. (2001). "A hypothesis for the origin of perylene based on its low abundance in sediments of Green Bay, Wisconsin". Chemical Geology, 177 (3–4): 309–322.
Singh, S. N.; Kumari, B.; Mishra, Shweta (2012). "Microbial Degradation of Alkanes". In Singh, Shree Nath (ed.). Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics. Springer. pp. 439–469.
Stout, S.A., Liu, B., Millner, G.C., Hamlin, D. and Healey, E. (2007). Use of Chemical Fingerprinting to Establish the Presence of Spilled Crude Oil in a Residential Area Following Hurricane Katrina, St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. Environmental Science Technology, 41:7242-7251.
Suades-González, E.; Gascon, M.; Guxens, M.; Sunyer, J. (2015). "Air Pollution and Neuropsychological Development: A Review of the Latest Evidence". Endocrinology. 156 (10): 3473–3482.
Takayuki, K. (2011). Atmospheric Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds. Journal of Health Science, 57(6) 504–511.
Tolosa, I., Bayona, J.M. and Albaiges, J. (1996). Aliphatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Sulfur/Oxygen Derivatives in North-western Mediterranean Sediments: Spatial and Temporal Variability, Fluxes and Budgets. Environmental Science Technology, 30: 2495-2503.
Tsapakis, M., Apostolaki, M., Eisenreich, S., and Stephanou, E.G. (2006).Atmospheric Deposition and Marine Sedimentation Fluxes of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin. Environmental Science and Technology, 40: 4922-4927.
Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R.H., Goyette, D., and Sylvestre, S. (2002). PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: A Critical Appraisal of PAH Ratios as indicators of PAH Source and Composition. Organic Geochemistry, 33:489-515.
Zhong, Y., & Zhu, L. (2013). Distribution, input pathway and soil-air exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Banshan Industry Park, China. Science of the Total Environment, Volume 444, Pages 177-182.
Amos-Tautua, B.M.W., Inengite, A.K., Abasi, C.Y. and Amirize, G.C. (2013). Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and some Heavy Metals in Roasted Food Snacks in Amassoma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(10):961-966
Atkinson, R.; Arey, J. (1994-10-01). "Atmospheric chemistry of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: formation of atmospheric mutagens". Environmental Health Perspectives, 102: 117–126. doi:10.2307/3431940.
Baklanov A., O. Hänninen, L. H. Slørdal, J. Kukkonen, N. Bjergene, B. Fay, S. Finardi, S. C. Hoe, M. Jantunen, A. Karppinen, A. Rasmussen, A. Skouloudis, R. S. Sokhi, J. H. Sørensen, and V. Ødegaard. (2007). Integrated Systems for Forecasting Urban Meteorology, Air Pollution and Population Exposure. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7: 855–874.
Ben, A., Emma, H., John, U., & Tony F. (2014). Lung Cancer Risk After Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review and Meta-Analysis, Environ Health Perspect, 112(9):970-978.
Beyer, J., Jonsson, G., Porte, C., Krahn, M.M., & Ariese, F. (2010). Analytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in fish bile: A review (Review). Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 30(3), 224-244.
Bouloubassi, I., Lipiatou, E., Saliot, A., Tolosa, I., Bayona, J.M., and Albaiges, J. (1997). Carbon Sources and Cycle in the Western Mediterranean -The use of Molecular Markers to Determine the Origin of Organic Matter. Deep-Sea Resources and Petroleum II, 44: 781-799.
Burchiel, S.W., & Luster, M.I. (2001). Signaling by environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human lymphocytes. Clinical Immunology, 98(1), 2-10.
Chen, H.-Y., Teng, Y.-G., & Wang, J.-S. (2012). Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of the Rizhao coastal area (China) using diagnostic ratios and factor analysis with nonnegative constraints. Science of the Total Environment, Volume 414, Pages 293-300.
Dashti, Narjes; Ali, Nedaa; Eliyas, Mohamed; Khanafer, Majida; Sorkhoh, Naser A.; Radwan, Samir S. (March 2015). "Most Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria in the Total Environment are Diazotrophic, which Highlights Their Value in the Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminants". Microbes and Environments, 30 (1): 70–75.
Deyme, R., Bouloubassi, I., Taphanel-Valt, M.H., Miquel, J.C., Lorre, A., Marty, J.C. and Méjanelle, L. (2011).Vertical Fluxes of Aromatic and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in the North-western Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Pollution, 159:3681-3691
Edokpayi, J.N., Odiy, J.O., Oluwaseun, E.P. and Msagati, T.A.M. (2016). Determination and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rivers, Sediments and Wastewater Effluents in Vhembe District, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental
Fredslund, L., Sniegowski, K., Wick, L.Y., Jacobsen, C.S., De Mot, R., & Springael, D. (2008). Surface motility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-degrading mycobacteria. Research in Microbiology, 159(4), 255-262.
Gogou, A., Bouloubassi, I., and Stephanou, E. G. (2000). Marine Organic Geochemistry of the Eastern Mediterranean: 1. Aliphatic and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Cretan Sea Surficial Sediments. Marine Chemistry, 68: 265-282.
Gough, M.A. and Rowland, S.J. (1990). Characterization of Unresolved Complex Mixtures of Hydrocarbons in Petroleum. Nature, 344:648-650.
Hassan, S.S.M., El Azab, .W.I.M., Ali, H.R., & Mansour, M.S.M. (2015). In: The 18th International conference on petroleum, mineral resources and development. EPRI, Cairo, Egypt, 8–10.
Ilechukwu, I., Osuji, L.C. and Onyema, M.O. (2016).Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soils within Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Plant Vicinities. J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria, 41(2):10-16.
Kim, K.-H., Jahan, S.A., Kabir, E., & Brown, R.J.C. (2013). A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environment International, Volume 60, Pages 71-80.
Kim, Ki-hyun; Jahan, Shamin Ara; Kabir, Ehsanul; Brown, Richard J. C. (October 2013). "A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects". Environment International, 60: 71–80.
Langston, W. J.; O’Hara, S.; Pope, N. D.; Davey, M.; Shortridge, E.; Imamura, M.; Harino, H.; Kim, A.; Vane, C. H. (2011). "Bioaccumulation surveillance in Milford Haven Waterway" (PDF). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184 (1): 289–311.
Masih, Jamson & Masih, Amit & Kulshrestha, Aditi & Singhvi, Raj & Taneja, Ajay. (2010). Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor atmosphere in the North central part of India. Journal of hazardous materials, 177(1-3):190-8.
Masih, Jamson & Singhvi, Raj & Kumar, Krishan & Jain, Vijay & Taneja, Ajay. (2012). Seasonal Variation and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indoor and Outdoor Air in a Semi Arid Tract of Northern India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 12(4), pp. 515-525
Mulabagal, V., Yin, F., John, G.F., Hayworth, J.S. and Clement, T.P. (2013). Chemical Fingerprinting of Petroleum Biomarkers in Deepwater Horizon oil Spill Samples Collected from Alabama Shoreline. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 70:147–154.
Nebert, D. W.; Dalton, T. P.; Okey, A. B.; Gonzalez, F. J. (2004). "Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-mediated Induction of the CYP1 Enzymes in Environmental Toxicity and Cancer". Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279 (23): 23847–23850.
Niu, J., Sun, P., & Schramm, K.-W. (2007). Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with fly ash particles under simulated sunlight irradiation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 186(1), 93-98.
Nkpaa, K.W., Essien, E.B. and Wegwu, M.O (2013). Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Concentrations in Crabs and Shrimps from Crude Oil Polluted Waters of Ogoniland in Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology, 4(6):73-80.
Olsson, A.C., Fevotte, J., Fletcher, T., Cassidy, A., 'T Mannetje, A., Zaridze, D., Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N., Rudnai, P., Lissowska, J., Fabianova, E., Mates, D., Bencko, V., Foretova, L., Janout, V., Brennan, P., & Boffetta, P. (2010). Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lung cancer risk: A multicenter study in Europe. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 67(2), 98-103.
Onyema, M.O., Osuji, L.C. and Ilechukwu, I.P. (2016).Petroleum hydrocarbon variations revealed by chemical fingerprinting of oil spill soils with similar contamination source. Researcher, 8(12):11-18
Oyibo, J.N., Wegwu, M.O., Uwakwe, A.A. and Osuoha, J.O. (2018). Analysis of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in some Selected Fin Fishes at Forcados Terminal, Delta State, Nigeria. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management, 9:128-135
Parinos, C.,Gogou, A., Bouloubassi, I., Pedrosa-Pàmies, R., Hatzianestis, I., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Rousakis, G., Velaoras, D., Krokos, G. and Lykousis, V (2013). Occurrence, Sources and Transport Pathways of Natural and Anthropogenic Hydrocarbons in Deep-sea Sediments of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Biogeosciences, 10: 6069-6089
Peng, R.-H., Xiong, A.-S., Xue, Y., Fu, X.-Y., Gao, F., Zhao, W., Tian, Y.-S., & Yao, Q.-H. (2008). Microbial biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 32(6), 927-955.
Ramesh, A.; Archibong, A.; Hood, D. B.; Guo, Z.; Loganathan, B. G. (2011). "Global environmental distribution and human health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons". Global Contamination Trends of Persistent Organic Chemicals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 97–126.
Silliman, J. E.; Meyers, P. A.; Eadie, B. J.; Val Klump, J. (2001). "A hypothesis for the origin of perylene based on its low abundance in sediments of Green Bay, Wisconsin". Chemical Geology, 177 (3–4): 309–322.
Singh, S. N.; Kumari, B.; Mishra, Shweta (2012). "Microbial Degradation of Alkanes". In Singh, Shree Nath (ed.). Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics. Springer. pp. 439–469.
Stout, S.A., Liu, B., Millner, G.C., Hamlin, D. and Healey, E. (2007). Use of Chemical Fingerprinting to Establish the Presence of Spilled Crude Oil in a Residential Area Following Hurricane Katrina, St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. Environmental Science Technology, 41:7242-7251.
Suades-González, E.; Gascon, M.; Guxens, M.; Sunyer, J. (2015). "Air Pollution and Neuropsychological Development: A Review of the Latest Evidence". Endocrinology. 156 (10): 3473–3482.
Takayuki, K. (2011). Atmospheric Chemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds. Journal of Health Science, 57(6) 504–511.
Tolosa, I., Bayona, J.M. and Albaiges, J. (1996). Aliphatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Sulfur/Oxygen Derivatives in North-western Mediterranean Sediments: Spatial and Temporal Variability, Fluxes and Budgets. Environmental Science Technology, 30: 2495-2503.
Tsapakis, M., Apostolaki, M., Eisenreich, S., and Stephanou, E.G. (2006).Atmospheric Deposition and Marine Sedimentation Fluxes of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin. Environmental Science and Technology, 40: 4922-4927.
Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R.H., Goyette, D., and Sylvestre, S. (2002). PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: A Critical Appraisal of PAH Ratios as indicators of PAH Source and Composition. Organic Geochemistry, 33:489-515.
Zhong, Y., & Zhu, L. (2013). Distribution, input pathway and soil-air exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Banshan Industry Park, China. Science of the Total Environment, Volume 444, Pages 177-182.
Published
2021-02-06
How to Cite
Obudu Mosephni Brother, Kpee Friday, & Nna Prince Joe. (2021). Geochemical characterization of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment from new calabar river. International Journal on Orange Technologies, 3(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijot.v3i2.1196
Section
Articles
