Tourists’ Behavioural Pattern in the Consumption of Region-Specific Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage Resources in Nigeria
Keywords:
Nigeria, Cultural, Heritage
Abstract
This study focused on tourists’ behavioural pattern in the consumption of region-specific tangible and intangible cultural heritage resources in Nigeria. It addresses the extent to which demand for and the production of heritage tourism in Nigeria can be identified by categorization of cultural heritage consumers. The major objective is to define tourist’s behavioural consumption pattern of region-specific cultural heritage resources in terms of identified consumer category or market segment. Data set for the study was gathered through questionnaires structured on 5-point likert scale and yes or no response option. 4,750 respondents were analyzed using the simple descriptive analysis. factors found to influence consumption of cultural heritage resource in relation to other purchase during the event in order of importance include income; Religion; Culture/Cultural Practice; distance from urban center; Gender; Patriotism and Age.
References
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28. McKercher, B., & Ho, P. S. (2006) Assessing the tourism potential of smaller cultural and heritage attractions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(5), 473e488.
29. McKercher, B., Ho, P. S. Y., Du Cros, H. and Chow B. (2002). Activities-Based Segmentation of the Cultural Tourism Market . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 12(1), 23- 46.
30. Melstrom, R. T. (2014) Valuing historic battlefields: An application of the travel cost method to three American Civil War battlefields. Journal of Cultural Economics, 38(3), 223–236.
31. Mikulic, J., Kresic, D., Prebezac, D., Milicevic, K., & _Seric, M. (2016) Identifying drivers of destination attractiveness in a competitive environment: A comparison of approaches. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(2), 154e163.
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35. Ogundele, S. O. (2014) Understanding Contemporary Archaeology. Ibadan, John Archers Publishers Limited.
36. Okpoko, A. I. (2011) Fundamentals of museum practice. Nsukka, University of Nigeria Press Ltd.
37. Olukoya, O. A. (2016). World heritage sites and armed conflicts: A case of Sukur cultural landscape and boko haram insurgency in Nigeria. Conference Proceedings of the fourth International conference on Heritage Conversation and Site Management. Senftenberg: BTU COTTBUS
38. Oviedo, G., & Jeanrenaud, S. (2006). Protecting sacred natural sites of indigenous and traditional peoples. In UNESCO (Ed.), Conserving cultural and biological diversity: The role of sacred natural sites and cultural landscapes (pp. 260–266). France: Author
39. Patuelli, R., Mussoni, M., & Candela, G. (2013) The effects of world heritage sites on domestic tourism: A spatial interaction model for Italy. Journal of Geographical System, 15, 369–402.
40. Pessoa, Argentino and Silva, Mário Rui (2007), “Environment Based Innovation: Policy Questions”paper presented at the Second International Seminar on Regional Innovation Policies, Salzburg, Austria.
41. Pompurová, K. (2009) Teoreticko-metodologické aspekty zkúmania atraktivnosti cieľového miesta.- Ekonomická revue cestovného ruchu, roč. 41, č. 2, 2009
42. Rodzi, N. I. M., Zaki, S A., & Subli, S. M. H. S. (2013). Between tourism and intangible cultural heritage. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 85, 411–420. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.370
43. Sanchez Rivero, M., S_anchez Martín, J. M., & Rengifo Gallego, J. I. (2016) Methodological approach for assessing the potential of a rural tourism destination: An application in the province of Caceres (Spain). Current Issues in Tourism, 19(11),1084e1102.
44. Shoval, N., & McKercher, B. (2017) Implementation of tracking technologies for temporal and spatial management of cultural destinations: Hong Kong as an example. In V. M. Ateca-Amestoy, V. Ginsburgh, I. Mazza, J. O’Hagan, & J. Prieto-Rodriguez (Eds.), Enhancing participation in the arts in the EU challenges and methods. Heidelberg: Springer
45. SPSS (1999) SPSS Base 10.0 Application Guide. SPSS, ChiCBBD, IL.Stratan, A., Perciun, R., & Gribincea, C. (2015). Identifying cultural tourism potentials in republic of moldova through cultural consumption among tourists. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 188, 116–121. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.346
46. Tagowa, N. W. (2010). Rural tourism as a factor of sustainable development: A case study of Sukur world heritage site in Adamawa State, Northeastern Nigeria. Ecology and the Environment, 142, 675–688
47. Tomljenovic, R. (2006) Kulturni turizam Cultural tourism. In Hrvatski turizam plavo bijelo zeleno Croatian Tourism blue white green, ed. Sanda Corak and Vesna Mikacic, 119–147. Zagreb: Institute for Tourism.
48. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2007) Cultural tourism; Retrieved from http://portal.unesco. org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=36700 & URL_DO=DO _PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html
49. Voltaire, L., Le´vi, L., Alban, F., & Boncoeur, J. (2016) Valuing cultural world heritage sites: An application of the travel cost method to Mont-Saint-Michel. Applied Economics, 49(16), 1593–1605.
50. Wenbin Luo (2018) Evaluating Tourist Destination Performance: Expanding the Sustainability Concept. Article in MDPI Journal – Sustainability 10, 516; doi:10.3390/su10020516 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
51. World Tourism Organization. (2016). UNWTO tourism highlights. http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10. 18111/9789284418145
52. Wright, W., & Eppink, F. V. (2016) Drivers of heritage value: A meta-analysis of monetary valuation studies of cultural heritage. Ecological Economics, 130, 277–284.
53. Yang, C., & Lin, H. (2011) Is UNESCO recognition effective in fostering tourism? A comment on Yang, Lin and Han: Reply. Tourism Management, 32(2), 455–456.
54. Yang, C., Lin, H., & Han, C. (2009) Analysis of international tourist arrivals in China: The role of World Heritage Sites. Tourism Management, 31(6), 827–837.
55. Yeung, Y. M. E. (2012) Residents' and tourists' perceptions on the adaptation and authenticity of heritage buildings as a tourism product (Unpublished master’s thesis); The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
56. Zieba, M. (2016) Tourism flows and the demand for regional and city theatres in Austria. sJournal of Cultural Economics, 40, 191–221.
Awodiya, M. (2016). Nigeria: How culture, tourism can boost the economy, The Guardian Newspaper, [Internet]. Retrieved from https://guardian.ng/art/ how-culture-tourism-can- boost-the-economy/
2. Bonet, L. (2013) Heritage tourism; In I. Rizzo & A. Mignosa (Eds.) Handbook on the economics of cultural heritage (pp. 386–401). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
3. Borowiecki, K. J., & Castiglione, C. (2014); Cultural participation and tourism flows: An empirical investigation of Italian provinces. Tourism Economics, 20(2), 241–262.
4. Brida, J. G., Dalle Nogare, C., & Scuderi, R. (2016); Frequency of museum attendance: Motivation matters. Journal of Cultural Economics, 40, 261–283.
5. Brida, Juan Gabriel, Marta Meleddu, and Manuela Paulina. (2013) The Economic Impacts of Cultural Tourism. In The Routledge, Handbook of Cultural Tourism, ed. Melanie Smith and Greg Richards, 110– 115. New York: Routledge.
6. Busuioc, M. F. (2008) Strategii de dezvoltare si promovare a turismului cultural in Romania. Bucharest : Universitara Publishing House.
7. Cellini, R. (2011) Is UNESCO recognition effective in fostering tourism? A comment on Yang, Lin and Han, in Tourism Management, 32, 452–454.
8. Cuccia, T., Guccio, C., & Rizzo, I. (2016); The effects of UNESCO World Heritage List inscription on tourism destinations performance in Italian regions. Economic Modelling, 53, 494–508.
9. Danesi, S. (2017). The role of culture heritage in commercial development and tourism. SYMPHONYA
10. Dwyer, Larry, Peter Forsyth, and Wayne Dwyer (2010), Tourism Economics and Policy; In Aspects of Tourism Texts, ed. Chris Cooper, C. Michael Hall and Dallen J. Timothy.Bristol, Buffalo, Toronto: Channel View Publications.
11. Ezenagu N (2020) Heritage resources as a driver for cultural tourism in Nigeria, Cogent Arts & Humanities, 7:1, 1734331, DOI: 10.1080/23311983.2020.1734331
12. Ezenagu, N. (2017). Leadership styles in the management of Igbo cultural heritage in pre- European era. Ogirisi: A New Journal of African Studies, 13, 22–45.
13. Ezenagu, N. (2014). Galvanizing culture for Nigeria’s development. Agidigbo: ABUAD Journal of Humanities, 2(2), 87–96.
14. Ezenagu, N., & Iwuagwu, C. (2016). The role cultural resources in tourism development in Awka. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 5(2), 1–12.
15. Farina, Elisabeth M. M. Q. & Nunes, Rubens (2003) Desempenho do agronegócio no comércio exterior e governança nos sistemas agroindustriais das carnes de suínos e das carnes bovinas. São Paulo: Pensa/USP.
16. Galí-Espelt, Nuria (2012) Identifying cultural tourism: A theoretical methodological proposal. Jurnal of Heritage Tourism 7 (1): 45–48
17. Granger, C.W.J. (1969),“Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross- spectral methods”, Econometrica Vol. 37, pp. 424-438.
18. Guccio, C., Levi Sacerdotti, S., & Rizzo, I. (2017) An empirical investigation of cultural travellers’ preferences and behaviours in a destination with mixed environmental features. In V. M. AtecaAmestoy, V. Ginsburgh, I. Mazza, J. O’Hagan, & J. Prieto-Rodriguez (Eds.), Enhancing participation in the arts in the EU challenges and methods. Heidelberg: Springer
19. Günlü, E., Yağcı, K., & Pırnar, I. (2013). Preserving cultural heritage and possible impacts on regional development: Case of Izmir
20. Hoffman, L. (2003). The marketing of diversity in the inner city: Tourism and regulation in Harlem. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27, 286-299.
21. Ivanovic, M. (2008). Cultural tourism. South Africa: Juta & Company, Ltd.
22. Jucan, Cornel Nicolae, and Mihaela Sabina Jucan (2013) Travel and Tourism as s Driver of Economic Recovery. Procedia Economics and Finance 6: 81–88
23. Kšír, T. (2012): Atraktivita a přátelskost destinace. - Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, fakulta managementu v Jindřichově Hradci,
24. Lerner, M., Haber, S., (2001), “Performance factors of small tourism ventures: the interface of tourism, entrepreneurship and the environment”. Journal of Business Venturing 16, 77– 100.
25. Li, Y., & Lo, R. L. B. (2004) Applicability of the market appeal drobusticity matrix: A case study of heritage tourism. Tourism Management, 25(6), 789e800.
26. March, Roger, and Arch G. Woodside. (2007) Advancing Theory on Consumer Plans, Actions, and How Mar-keting Information Affects Both, ed. Arch G. Woodside. Vol. 1 of Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. Oxford: Elsavier.
27. Mathaias, A. B. & David, M. (2014) Irumgbede: An Idigenous educational institution. In Ezeweke, E. O. (Ed.) African traditional religion philosophy & sustainable Development. Jos, Fab Anieh Nig. Ltd.
28. McKercher, B., & Ho, P. S. (2006) Assessing the tourism potential of smaller cultural and heritage attractions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(5), 473e488.
29. McKercher, B., Ho, P. S. Y., Du Cros, H. and Chow B. (2002). Activities-Based Segmentation of the Cultural Tourism Market . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 12(1), 23- 46.
30. Melstrom, R. T. (2014) Valuing historic battlefields: An application of the travel cost method to three American Civil War battlefields. Journal of Cultural Economics, 38(3), 223–236.
31. Mikulic, J., Kresic, D., Prebezac, D., Milicevic, K., & _Seric, M. (2016) Identifying drivers of destination attractiveness in a competitive environment: A comparison of approaches. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(2), 154e163.
32. Nnonyelu, Au. N. (2009) Sociological Insights. Ibadan, Spectrum Books Limited.
33. OCDE (2009). The Impact of Culture on Tourism. Paris : OECD.
34. Ogundele, S. O (2000). Fundamentals of archaeology: An introduction. Ibadan, Ejimasons Nigeria Enterprises.
35. Ogundele, S. O. (2014) Understanding Contemporary Archaeology. Ibadan, John Archers Publishers Limited.
36. Okpoko, A. I. (2011) Fundamentals of museum practice. Nsukka, University of Nigeria Press Ltd.
37. Olukoya, O. A. (2016). World heritage sites and armed conflicts: A case of Sukur cultural landscape and boko haram insurgency in Nigeria. Conference Proceedings of the fourth International conference on Heritage Conversation and Site Management. Senftenberg: BTU COTTBUS
38. Oviedo, G., & Jeanrenaud, S. (2006). Protecting sacred natural sites of indigenous and traditional peoples. In UNESCO (Ed.), Conserving cultural and biological diversity: The role of sacred natural sites and cultural landscapes (pp. 260–266). France: Author
39. Patuelli, R., Mussoni, M., & Candela, G. (2013) The effects of world heritage sites on domestic tourism: A spatial interaction model for Italy. Journal of Geographical System, 15, 369–402.
40. Pessoa, Argentino and Silva, Mário Rui (2007), “Environment Based Innovation: Policy Questions”paper presented at the Second International Seminar on Regional Innovation Policies, Salzburg, Austria.
41. Pompurová, K. (2009) Teoreticko-metodologické aspekty zkúmania atraktivnosti cieľového miesta.- Ekonomická revue cestovného ruchu, roč. 41, č. 2, 2009
42. Rodzi, N. I. M., Zaki, S A., & Subli, S. M. H. S. (2013). Between tourism and intangible cultural heritage. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 85, 411–420. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.370
43. Sanchez Rivero, M., S_anchez Martín, J. M., & Rengifo Gallego, J. I. (2016) Methodological approach for assessing the potential of a rural tourism destination: An application in the province of Caceres (Spain). Current Issues in Tourism, 19(11),1084e1102.
44. Shoval, N., & McKercher, B. (2017) Implementation of tracking technologies for temporal and spatial management of cultural destinations: Hong Kong as an example. In V. M. Ateca-Amestoy, V. Ginsburgh, I. Mazza, J. O’Hagan, & J. Prieto-Rodriguez (Eds.), Enhancing participation in the arts in the EU challenges and methods. Heidelberg: Springer
45. SPSS (1999) SPSS Base 10.0 Application Guide. SPSS, ChiCBBD, IL.Stratan, A., Perciun, R., & Gribincea, C. (2015). Identifying cultural tourism potentials in republic of moldova through cultural consumption among tourists. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 188, 116–121. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.346
46. Tagowa, N. W. (2010). Rural tourism as a factor of sustainable development: A case study of Sukur world heritage site in Adamawa State, Northeastern Nigeria. Ecology and the Environment, 142, 675–688
47. Tomljenovic, R. (2006) Kulturni turizam Cultural tourism. In Hrvatski turizam plavo bijelo zeleno Croatian Tourism blue white green, ed. Sanda Corak and Vesna Mikacic, 119–147. Zagreb: Institute for Tourism.
48. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2007) Cultural tourism; Retrieved from http://portal.unesco. org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=36700 & URL_DO=DO _PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html
49. Voltaire, L., Le´vi, L., Alban, F., & Boncoeur, J. (2016) Valuing cultural world heritage sites: An application of the travel cost method to Mont-Saint-Michel. Applied Economics, 49(16), 1593–1605.
50. Wenbin Luo (2018) Evaluating Tourist Destination Performance: Expanding the Sustainability Concept. Article in MDPI Journal – Sustainability 10, 516; doi:10.3390/su10020516 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
51. World Tourism Organization. (2016). UNWTO tourism highlights. http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10. 18111/9789284418145
52. Wright, W., & Eppink, F. V. (2016) Drivers of heritage value: A meta-analysis of monetary valuation studies of cultural heritage. Ecological Economics, 130, 277–284.
53. Yang, C., & Lin, H. (2011) Is UNESCO recognition effective in fostering tourism? A comment on Yang, Lin and Han: Reply. Tourism Management, 32(2), 455–456.
54. Yang, C., Lin, H., & Han, C. (2009) Analysis of international tourist arrivals in China: The role of World Heritage Sites. Tourism Management, 31(6), 827–837.
55. Yeung, Y. M. E. (2012) Residents' and tourists' perceptions on the adaptation and authenticity of heritage buildings as a tourism product (Unpublished master’s thesis); The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
56. Zieba, M. (2016) Tourism flows and the demand for regional and city theatres in Austria. sJournal of Cultural Economics, 40, 191–221.
Published
2021-12-27
How to Cite
Okoro, C. U., Igbojekwe, P. A., Akpanabia, D. N. H., & Ukabuilu, D. E. (2021). Tourists’ Behavioural Pattern in the Consumption of Region-Specific Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage Resources in Nigeria. International Journal on Economics, Finance and Sustainable Development, 3(12), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijefsd.v3i12.2561
Section
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