The Geopolitical Implications of Infrastructure Development and Trade Roads in International Relations
Keywords:
logistical, maritime, nation-states, free-trade, pipeline, transportation, geopolitical, infrastructure
Abstract
A trade road is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo. The term can also be used to refer to trade over bodies of water. Allowing goods to reach distant markets, a single trade route contains long-distance arteries, which may further be connected to smaller networks of commercial and noncommercial transportation roads. Among notable trade roads was the Amber Road, which served as a dependable network for long-distance trade.[1] Maritime trade along the Spice Route became prominent during the Middle Ages, when nations resorted to military means for control of this influential route.[2] During the Middle Ages, organizations such as the Hanseatic League, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade became increasingly prominent.[3]
In modern times, commercial activity shifted from the major trade roads of the Old World to newer roads between modern nation-states. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international free-trade agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions.[4] Innovative transportation of modern times includes pipeline transport and the relatively well-known trade involving rail roads, automobiles, and cargo airlines.
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2. Donkin 2003: 169.
3. Dollinger 1999: 62.
4. "free trade; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05". Archived from the original on 3 August 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
5. Denemark 2000: 274
6. Denemark 2000: 207
7. Denemark 2000: 208
8. Stearns 2001: 41.
9. Denemark 2000: 213.
10. Denemark1 2000: 39.
11. Rawlinson 2001: 11–12.
12. Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.). Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 9781588395245.
13. Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). "Outrigger Ages". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 83 (2): 130–140.
14. Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.). Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. ISBN 978-0415100540.
15. "Ancient Trade and Civilization | World | Aurlaea".
16. Toutain 1979: 243.
17. Scarre 1995.
18. Stearns 2001: 37.
19. Roman road system (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002).
20. Denemark 2000: 124.
21. Denemark 2000: 126
22. Denemark 2000: 273.
23. "Traders of the Gold and Incense Road". Message of the Republic of Yemen, Berlin. Archived from the original on 8 September 2007.
24. "Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev". UNESCO.
25. Glasse 2001: 59.
26. Kitchen 1994: 46.
27. Edwards 1969: 329.
28. Larsen 1983: 56.
29. Eckenstein 2005: 49.
30. Lach 1994: 13.
31. Kearney 2003: 42.
32. Denemark 2000: 252.
33. Denemark 2000: 239.
34. Denemark 2000: 241
35. Elisseeff 2000: 326.
36. Elisseeff 2000: 5.
37. Elisseeff 2000: 14
38. Elisseeff 2000: 158.
39. Elisseeff 2000: 161.
40. Elisseeff 2000: 163
41. Elisseeff 2000: 178.
42. Burns 2003: 216.
43. Burns 2003: 211.
44. Burns 2003: 229.
45. Burns 2003: 231.
46. Orlinsky 1981: 1064.
47. Orlinsky 1981: 1065
48. Silver 1983: 49.
49. "Art of Being Tuareg: Sahara Nomads in a modern world". Smithsonian National Museum of African art.
50. western Africa, history of (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)
51. Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). "Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships". In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. ISBN 9783319338224.
52. Doran, Edwin B. (1981). Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9780890961070.
53. Blench, Roger (2004). "Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 24 (The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50.
54. Friedlaender, Jonathan S. (2007). Genes, Language, & Culture History in the Southwest Pacific. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780195300307.
55. Cunningham, Lawrence J. (1992). Ancient Chamorro Society. Bess Press. p. 195. ISBN 9781880188057.
56. Borrell, Brendan (27 September 2007). "Stone tool reveals lengthy Polynesian voyage". Nature: news070924–9. doi:10.1038/news070924-9. S2CID 161331467.
57. Shaw 2003: 426.
58. Young 2001: 20.
59. "The Geography of Strabo". Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917.
60. Halsall, Paul. "Ancient History Sourcebook: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century". Fordham University.
61. Lindsay 2006: 101
62. Freeman 2003: 72
63. Lach 1994: 18.
64. Curtin 1984: 100.
65. Holl 2003: 9.
66. Dollinger 1999: 9.
67. Dollinger 1999: 42.
68. Dollinger 1999: page 54
69. Dollinger 1999: page xix
70. Dollinger 1999: xx.
71. G. Benvenuti - Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia - Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1989; Armando Lodolini, Le repubbliche del mare, Biblioteca di storia patria, 1967, Roma.
72. At any rate, when Gallus was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the Nile as far as Syene and the frontiers of Ethiopia, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to India, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise. – Strabo (II.5.12.); Source.
73. Ball 2000: 131
74. Ball 2000: 137.
75. Donkin 2003: 59.
76. Donkin 2003: 91–92.
77. Donkin 2003: 92
78. Gama, Vasco da Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.
79. Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
80. Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan’s relations with the Philippines date back millenia, so it’s a mystery that it’s not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.
81. Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.
82. Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.
83. "Maritime Silk Road". SEAArch.
84. Guan, Kwa Chong (2016). "The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea" (PDF). NSC Working Paper (23): 1–30.
85. Sen, Tansen (3 February 2014). "Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century". TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia. 2 (1): 31–59. doi:10.1017/trn.2013.15. S2CID 140665305.
86. Historic India–China link opens (BBC)
87. Schulze & Ursprung 2003: 104
88. wagon train (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)
89. Seaman 1973: 29–30.
90. Seaman 1973: 30.
91. Seaman 1973: 348
92. Seaman 1973: 379.
93. automotive industry (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)
94. roads and highways (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002).
95. truck (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002).
96. Schwela & Zali 2003: 156
97. Denemark 2000: 282
98. Denemark 2000: 283.
99. Carter 2004.
100. Major 1993.
101. canal (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002).
102. canals and inland waterways (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002).
103. Krech et al. 2003: 966
104. Guido Santevecchi: Di Maio e la Via della Seta: «Faremo i conti nel 2020», siglato accordo su Trieste in Corriere della Sera: 5. November 2019.
105. Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. Frankfurt am Main 2017, pp 59.
106. "Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China’s Belt and Road dreams take off" in Hellenic Shipping News, 4 December 2018.
107. Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete with the Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.
108. Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019.
109. Harry G. Broadman "Afrika´s Silk Road" (2007), pp 59.
110. Button 2004
111. Button 2004: 9
112. Hindley 2004: 41.
113. pipeline (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)
114. BP Caspian: Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline (Overview).
Published
2022-11-30
How to Cite
Verma, D. P. (2022). The Geopolitical Implications of Infrastructure Development and Trade Roads in International Relations. International Journal on Economics, Finance and Sustainable Development, 4(11), 141-155. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijefsd.v4i11.3714
Section
Articles
