The Impact of Health Quality and Pollution Levels on Tourist Arrival: A Case Study of Six ASEAN Countries, 2010-2022
Keywords:
Health quality, Pollution levels, Tourist arrivals, COVID-19, ASEAN, Panel data
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the impact of health quality and pollution levels on tourist flows in six ASEAN countries during the period of 2010-2022. Health quality is measured based on life expectancy, population growth, and COVID-19, while pollution levels are assessed using the concentration of PM2.5 particles in the air. Data was obtained from reliable sources and analyzed using a panel data regression model. The method used in this research is panel data analysis with a common effects, fixed effects, and random effects approach to test the relationship between variables. The approach chosen in this research is the general effects. Research results show that better health quality and lower pollution levels significantly increase the number of tourists visiting these countries. Research shows that health quality has a significant positive impact on tourist flows, while pollution levels have a significant negative impact. This finding shows that improving health quality and reducing pollution levels can encourage an increase in tourist flows. Thus, governments in ASEAN countries need to pay attention to health factors and design strategies to enhance the tourism sector by improving health quality and managing pollution.
References
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[2] Department of Finance, "Duterte Admin Investing $23 Billion in Tourism Infra, Says DOF Executive," 28 Nov. 2016.
[3] Department of Tourism Philippines, National Tourist Development Plan 2016-2022, 2016.
[4] M. Dwangga, "Intensitas Polusi Udara Untuk Penunjang Penataan Ruang Kota Pelaihari Kabupaten Tanah Laut," Metode Jurnal Teknik Industri, vol. 4, no. 2, 2018.
[5] R. Patrick, T. Capetola, M. Townsend, and S. Nuttman, "Health Promotion and Climate Change: Exploring the Core Competencies Required for Action," Health Promotion International, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 475–485, 2012. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dar055.
[6] I. Ghozali and D. Ratmono, Analisis Multivariat dan Ekonometrika dengan EViews 10, Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, 2017.
[7] D. N. Gujarati, Dasar-Dasar Ekonometrika, 5th ed., R. C. Mangunsong, Trans., Jakarta: Salemba Empat, 2013.
[8] H. Plecher, "Philippines: Total Population from 2014-2024," Statista, 20 May 2020. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/578726/total-population-of-philippines/. Accessed: 3 Jan. 2021.
[9] J. C. Hendersen, "Tourism Development and Politics in the Philippines," Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 160-162, 2011.
[10] E. D. Santa, "The Evolution of Philippine Tourism Policy Implementation from 1973 to 2009," Tourism Planning and Development, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 156-162, 2014.
[11] I. Basuki and A. T. Yuliadi, Electronic Data Processing (SPSS 15 dan EViews 7), Danisa Media, 2014.
[12] California Air Resources Board, "Inhalable Particulate Matter and Health (PM2.5 and PM10)," Available: www.arb.ca.gov/resources/inhalable-particulate-matter-and-health. Accessed: 2023.
[13] I. Konstantakopoulou, "Does Health Quality Affect Tourism? Evidence from System GMM Estimates," Economic Analysis and Policy, vol. 73, pp. 425–440, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.eap.2021.12.007.
[14] A. Lestari and Y. S., "Analisis Regresi Data Panel Untuk Mengetahui Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Belanja Daerah di Provinsi Jawa Tengah," Jurnal Statistika Industri dan Komputasi, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2017.
[15] M. Mudrajad, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif Dan R&D, Jakarta: Erlangga, 2013.
[16] OECD, "Infant Mortality Rates," 2024. doi: 10.1787/83dea506-en. Accessed on 28 Jun. 2024.
[17] OECD, "Life Expectancy at Birth," 2024. doi: 10.1787/27e0fc9d-en. Accessed on 28 Jun. 2024.
[18] M. T. H. Panjaitan, "Does Good Financial Development Attract Tourists? Evidence from ASEAN Countries," Journal of Developing Economies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 342–353, 2022. doi: 10.20473/jde.v7i2.37433.
[19] US EPA, "Particulate Matter (PM) Basics," 11 Jul. 2023. Available: www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics. Accessed: 2023.
[20] D. Setiawan and S. Sukanti, "Pengaruh Ekspektasi Pendapatan, Lingkungan Keluarga dan Pendidikan Kewirausahaan Terhadap Minat Berwirausaha," Journal Profita, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 1-12, 2016.
[21] A. Sharma, I. Ahmad Farouk, and S. K. Lal, "COVID-19: A Review on the Novel Coronavirus Disease Evolution, Transmission, Detection, Control and Prevention," Viruses, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 202, 2021. doi: 10.3390/v13020202.
[22] R. C. Capistrano and P. A. Notorio, "A Content Analysis of the Future of Tourism Through the Presidential State of the Nation Address in the Philippines (1987-2019)," Journal of Tourism Futures, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 131–146, 2021. doi: 10.1108/JTF-05-2020-0075.
[23] S. Notoatmojo, Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan, Jakarta: PT Rineke Cipta, 2002.
[24] H. Uçak, "The Relationship Between the Growth in the Health Sector and Inbound Health Tourism: The Case of Turkey," SpringerPlus, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 1685, 2016. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3341-8.
[25] L.-J. Wang and M.-H. Chen, "Nonlinear Impact of Air Quality on Tourist Arrivals: New Proposal and Evidence," Journal of Travel Research, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 434–445, 2021. doi: 10.1177/0047287519899993.
[26] L. Wang, B. Fang, and R. Law, "Effect of Air Quality in the Place of Origin on Outbound Tourism Demand: Disposable Income as a Moderator," Tourism Management, vol. 68, pp. 152–161, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2018.03.007.
[27] L. Wang, X. Zhou, M. Lu, and Z. Cui, "Impacts of Haze Weather on Tourist Arrivals and Destination Preference: Analysis Based on Baidu Index of 73 Scenic Spots in Beijing, China," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 273, p. 122887, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122887.
[28] B. Xu and D. Dong, "Evaluating the Impact of Air Pollution on China’s Inbound Tourism: A Gravity Model Approach," Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 1456, 2020. doi: 10.3390/su12041456.
[29] X. Xu, D. Dong, Y. Wang, and S. Wang, "The Impacts of Different Air Pollutants on Domestic and Inbound Tourism in China," International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 16, no. 24, p. 5127, 2019. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16245127.
[30] Y. Yu, W. Zou, M. Jerrett, and Y.-Y. Meng, "Acute Health Impact of Wildfire-Related and Conventional PM2.5 in the United States: A Narrative Review," Environmental Advances, vol. 12, p. 100179, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100179.
Published
2024-08-18
How to Cite
Putra, D. A., & Dewanti, D. S. (2024). The Impact of Health Quality and Pollution Levels on Tourist Arrival: A Case Study of Six ASEAN Countries, 2010-2022. International Journal on Economics, Finance and Sustainable Development, 6(8), 218-224. https://doi.org/10.31149/ijefsd.v6i8.5318
Section
Articles
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