HARD DRUG USE AMONG YOUTHS AND CULT VIOLENCE IN YENAGOA METROPOLIS, BAYELSA STATE - NIGERIA
Abstract
The purpose of this work therefore was to examine factors that are responsible for hard drugs use among youths and how it has help in the rise of cult violence in Yenagoa metropolis of Bayelsa state, Nigeria. There are three competing theories for our theoretical framework- Routine activity theory (RAT), Rational choice theory (RCT) and Situational action theory (SAT), but we adopted the later. The study adopted the descriptive research design to survey 482,462 populations of Yenagoa metropolis, using the Taro- Yamane formula to draw a sample size of 400; purposive sampling technique was used in the study. The major instruments used in generating data for this study were questionnaire, observation and interview. The structured questionnaire titled: “Hard drugs use among youths and cultism in Yenagoa metropolis, Bayelsa state- Nigeria” (HDUAYACVIYMBSNQ). The collected data were analysed using the simple percentage and Chi-square (x2) statistical tool to test the various hypotheses. The study findings are as follows: (i)That there is a relationship between hard drugs used and increase in cult violence in the study area. (ii) That the more tramadol is used the more cultism will be on the rise and, (iii) That when tramadol is easily accessible to the youths, it influences violent behavior of the cultists in the study area Based on the above, the following recommendations were made: (i) that there is a need to fight against hard drugs use among youths (ii) that public enlightenment campaigns should be encouraged against the dangers of hard drugs use and cultism (iii) that there is need for parental discipline at home (iv) the need for religious discipline (v) that this research be extended to other geo-political zones and the scope broaden, deepened and widened. A number of references were finally made for further review.
References
References
Adewuya, A. O., Ola, B. A., Olatayo, O. A., & Bolande, M. M. (2006). Depression amongst Nigerian university students: Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates. Journal of Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 41(1), 674-678.
Ajayi, I. A., & Ekundayo, H. T., & Osalusi, F. M. (2020). Menace of cultism in Nigerian tertiary institutions: The way out. Anthropologist, 12(3), 155- 160.
Amir, M. (1971). Patterns in forcible rape. University of Chicago Press.
Aristotle, I. J. (2019). Judiciary failure and the rising incidence of juvenile gang in Nigeria: Implication for youth development policy in Akwa- Ibom state, Nigeria. (Unpublished M. Sc article).
Aristotle, I. J., & Wakama, A. (2020). Social change, criminality and covid-19: The Nigerian case study. International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development (IJCSIRD), 4(2), 76-83.
Aristotle, I. J., Tarabina, V. P., & Abiddie, K. V. (2020). Corruption, political party system and Nigerian democracy: An historical analysis from 1960- 2019. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD), 5(1), 983-992. www.ijtsrd.com.
Aristotle, I. J., & Park, W. (2020). Victimology, victimization and victims access to justice in Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Legal and Political Studies, 8(3), 97-112. www.seahipaj.org.
Cohen, L. E. Kluegel, J. R., & Land, K. C. (1981). Social inequality and predatory criminal victimization: An exposition and test of a formal theory. American Sociological Review., 46 (1), 505-524.
Coleman, J., & Fararo, T. (1992). Introduction. In J. Coleman & T. Fararo (Eds.), Rational choice theory: Advocacy and critique. Sage Publishers.
Cornish, D., & Clarke, R. (2008). The rational choice perspective. In R. Wortley & L. Mazerolle (Eds.), Environmental criminology and crime analysis. Routledge.
Cornish, D., & Clarke, R. (2003). Opportunities, precipitators and criminal decisions: A reply to wortley’s critique of situational crime prevention. Crime Prevention Studies,16(1), 41- 45.
Dominic, O., Justice, I., & Chaimaka, C. (2019). Take little wine for your stomach (1 Tim. 5: 23) An excuse for cultism, alcoholism and drug abuse in Nigeria tertiary institution? International Journal of African Studies (NJAS), 1(1), 1-10.
Felson, M., & Boba, R. (2010). Crime and everyday life. Sage Publishers.
Klein, A. (1994). Trapped traffic: Growing problems of drug consumption in Lagos. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 32(2), 657-677.
National Bureau of Statistic (2006). Demographic statistic bulletin.
Nwideeduh, S. B. (2003). The menace of cultism in the Nigerian university. In S. B. Nwideeduh (eds.) Trends and issues in managing universities in Nigeria. Springfield Publishers.
Nzimiro, I. (1999). The issues of cultism and secret cults. (A sociological evaluation). Dark days in our universities. Zim Pan African Publishers.
Obielosi, D. Ihetu, J., & Chigbo, C. (2020). Cultism, alcoholism and drug abuse in Nigeria tertiary institutions. International Journal of African Studies (NJAS), 1(1), 1-10.
Paulley, F. G. (2014). Secret cult and drug abuse as social problems in Nigerian education system: The way forward. Journal of Education and Practice, 5(13), 173-184. www.ijsite.org.
Sampson, R. J., & Lauritsen, J. L. (1990). Deviant lifestyles, proximity to crime, and the offender-victim link in personal violence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 6(2), 123-134.
Schreck, C. J. (1999). Criminal victimization and low self-control: An extension and text of a general theory of crime. Justice Quarterly.,16 (1), 633-642.
Schafer, S. (1977). Victimology: The victim and his criminal offender. Reston Company Inc.
Simon, H. (1977). An empirically based microeconomics. Cambridge University Press.
Steprisk, J., & George, R. (2014). Sociological theory. (9th Edition). McGraw-Hill International.
Stephen, E. B., Esbensen, F. & Geis, G. (2010). Criminology: explaining crime and its context (7th Edition). Mathew Brender & Company. Inc.
Ubanga, M. B, Bola, M, Idowu, R.A., & Ogunyemi, M. O. (2013). Relationship between drugs and deviant behavior among undergraduate students of university of Lagos, Nigeria. American International Journal of Social Science (AIJSS), 2(6), 63-67.
Umukoro, O. L., Taiwo, A., Ighoroje, M., & Mofoluwake, M. (2016). Prevalence and patterns of drug abuse among students of tertiary institutions in Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria. International Journal of Psychiatry, 1(1), 2-6.
Wilson, K., Ngenetich, K. & Wokabi, M. (2015). Challenges facing criminal justice system in relation to witness protection in Kenya. IOSR journal of Humanities and Social sciences (IOSR-JHSS). 20(10), (7), 93-97.
Wittek, R., Snijders, T., & Nee, V. (2013). Introduction: Rational choice social research. In R. Wittek, T. Snijder, & V. Nee (Eds.), The handbook of rational choice social research. Stanford University Press.
Wikstrom, P. H., & Treiber, K. (2016). Situational theory: The importance of interactions and action mechanisms in the explanation of crime. In A. R. Piquero. The handbook of criminological theory (eds). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wolfgang, M. E. (1958). Patterns in criminal homicide. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Wortley, R. (2012). Exploring the person-situation interaction in situational crime prevention. In N. Tilley & G. Farrell (Eds.). The reasoning criminologist: Essays in honour of Ronald V. Clarke. Routledge.
www.academia.edu/35473282/GIS_Approaches in analysis of crime in mapping in Yenagoa.
Zaykowski, H. & Campagna, L. (2014). Teaching theories of victimology. Journal of Criminal Justice Education. (JCJE)., 25(4), 452-460.
Copyright (c) 2021 Aristotle Isaac Jacobs, Maduawuchi Elems, Oyeinfie Emmanuel Jonjon
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
In submitting the manuscript to the International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE), the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
- The publication has been approved by the author(s) and by responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.
License and Copyright Agreement
Authors who publish with International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
1.png)
