Caravan Routes Linking Khorazm With Areas of Southwest Asia in the Early Modern Period
Vol. 5 No. 12 (2022): IJIE
Articles
December 31, 2022
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The article covers the issue of caravan routes that connected Khorezm and the neighboring khanates, as well as the Russian state, with the regions of Southwest Asia, including Khorasan, Iran, and the Ottoman Empire, in the late Middle Ages. It shows the important geostrategic and transit importance of Khorezm by comparing important land and land waterway trade routes with various sources, including archaeological materials and written sources.
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Nigora Allaeva 2022. Caravan Routes Linking Khorazm With Areas of Southwest Asia in the Early Modern Period. International Journal on Integrated Education. 5, 12 (Dec. 2022), 377–383. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v5i12.3874.
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5. Baikova N.B. The role of Central Asia in Russian-Indian trade relations. (First half of the XVI - second half of the XVIII centuries). - Т., 1964. - 192 p [Bajkova N.B. Rol Srednej Azii v Russko-indijskih torgovyh svyazyah. (pervaya polovina XVI – vtoraya polovina XVIII veka). – T., 1964. – 192 s].
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7. Valiyeva D. Near-Eastern-Iranian relations in the first half of the XIX century//XIA Interaction of Central Asian and adjacent Eastern countries. - Т., 1963. - p. 60-66 [Valieva D. Sredneaziatsko-iranskie otnosheniya v pervoj polovine XIX veka // Vzaimootnosheniya narodov Srednej Azii i sopredelnyh stran Vostoka. – T., 1963. – S. 60-66].
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9. Vamberi A. Travel in Central Asia: Description of the train from Tehran via Turkmen steppe to the east coast of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Bukhara, and Samarkand, undertaken in 1863 with a scientific purpose by commission of Hungarian Academy in Pesht, its member A. Vamberi // Turkestanskiy collection 1868. - 1869, St.Petersburg. Т. 12. - p. 1-320 [Vamberi A. Puteshestvie po Srednej Azii: Opisanie poezdki iz Tegerana cherez Turkmenskuyu step po vostochnomu beregu Kaspijskogo morya v Hivu, Buharu i Samarkand, predprinyatoe v 1863 godu s nauchnoyu celyu po porucheniyu Vengerskoj Akademii v Peshte, chlenom eya A. Vamberi // Turkestanskij sbornik 1868 g. – Spb., 1869. T. 12. – S. 1-320].
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13. Korzhenevskiy N.L. The Embassy of Mikhail Tikhonov to Persia and his way to Khorasan through Khiva and Kara-Kumy (1613-1615) // Izvestiya AS UzSSR. - 1951. - № 6. - p. 69-72 [Korzhenevskij N.L. Posolstvo Mihaila Tihonova v Persiyu i put ego cherez Hivu i Kara-Kumy v Horasan (1613 – 1615 gg.) // Izvestiya AN UzSSR. – 1951. – № 6. – S. 69-72].
14. Masson M.E. The Middle-eve trade ways from Merv and Khorezm to Mavarannahr (within the borders of Turkmen SSR) // Proceedings of South-Turkmen archeological complex expedition. - Ashkhabad, 1966. VOL. XIII. - 256 p [Masson M.E. Srednevekovye torgovye puti iz Merva v Horezm i Mavarennahr (v predelah Turkmenskoj SSR) // Trudy Yuzhno–Turkmenskoj arheologicheskoj kompleksnoj ekspedicii. – Ashhabad, 1966. T. XIII. – 256].
15. Mirza Rizakuli. Safarnomai Khorezm. Manuscripts collection of the Russian Academy of Sciences, op. 9129. - 41 p [Mirzo Rizoquli. Safarnomayi Xorazm. O‘zR FA SHI qo‘lyozmalar fondi, inv. 9129. – 41 varaq].
16. Mikhaleva G.A. From the history of protection of caravan tracks in Central Asia // Scientific reports of the social sciences department of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. - 1963. Pp. p. 128-153 [Mihaleva G.A. Iz istorii ohrany karavannyh putej v Srednej Azii // Nauchnye soobsheniya otdela obshestvennah nauk AN Uz SSR. – 1963. Kn. 6. – S. 128-153].
17. Mikhaleva G.A. Seitov Posad of Orenburg and its role in the development of Russian and Central Asian trade. (The second half of the XVIII - the end of the XIX c.) // Social Sciences in Uzbekistan. - 1971. - № 12. - p. 39-45 [Mihaleva G.A. Seitovskij posad Orenburga i ego rol v razvitii russko-sredneaziatskoj torgovli. (vtoraya polovina XVIII – nachalo XIX v.) // Obshestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane. – 1971. – № 12. – S. 39-45].
18. Munis and Ogahi. Firdavs ul-Iqbal / Responsible editor and series author Sh. Vohidov. - Tashkent: New Century Generation, 2010. - 518 p [Munis va Ogahiy. Firdavs ul-iqbol / Mas’ul muharrir va turkum muallifi Sh. Vohidov. – Toshkent: Yangi asr avlodi, 2010. – 518 b].
19. Muhammadiyar ibn Arab Qatagan. Musakhir al-bilad (The Occupation of Countries) / Editor-in-Chief Sh. Vokhidov. - Tashkent, 2009. - 430 p [Muhammadyor ibn Arab Qatag‘an. Musaxxir al-bilod (Mamlakatlarning egallanishi) / Mas’ul muharrir Sh. Vohidov. – Toshkent, 2009. – 430 b].
20. Pankov A.V. The history of trade in Central Asia and Russia in the 16th-17th centuries. - Т., 1927. - 195 p [Pankov A.V. K istorii torgovli Srednej Azii s Rossiej XVI – XVII vv. – T., 1927. – 195 s.].
21. Popov A. Communication between Russia and Bukhara and Khiva under Peter I. - Spb. 1853. - 188 p [Popov A. Snoshenie Rossii s Buharoj i Hivoj pri Petre I. - Spb. 1853. - 188 s.].
22. Traveling from Orenburg to Khiva, Samara merchant Danilo Rukavkin in 1753, with the acquisition of various information about Khiva from remote times to the present / / Turkestan collection. - St. Petersburg, 1883. Т. 386. - p. 352-401[Puteshestvie iz Orenburga v Hivu Samarskogo kupca Danila Rukavkina v 1753 godu, s priobsheniem raznyh izvestij o Hive s otdalennyh vremen do nyne // Turkestanskij sbornik. – Spb., 1883. T. 386. – S. 352-401].
23. Rezaqulikhan Hidayat. Saforatnomayi Khorezm (1851 from the history of diplomatic relations between Nasiruddin Shah and Muhammad-Amin-khan) / Khorezm travel diaries. Responsible editor Sh. Vahidov, translator from Persian I. Bekjonov. - Tashkent: Novoye Sredeniye (New Generation), 2009. – p.53 – 231 [Rizoqulixon Hidoyat. Saforatnomayi Xorazm (Nosiriddinshoh va Muhammad Aminxon o‘rtasidagi diplomatik aloqalar tarixidan 1851 yil) / Xorazm safari kundaliklari. Mas’ul muharrir Sh. Vohidov, fors tilidan tarjimon I. Bekjonov. – Toshkent: Yangi asr avlodi, 2009. – B.53 – 231]
24. Seidi Ali Rais. Miratul al-mamolik /Translated and commentary by Sh. Zununov. - Т., 1963. - 160 p [Seydi Ali Rais. Mir’otul al-mamolik / Tarjima va izohlar Sh. Zunnunovniki. – T., 1963. – 160 b].
25. Philip Efremova's Travels in the Kyrgyz Steppe, Bukhari, Khiva, Persia, Tibet and India and His Return through England and Russia. Third edition. - Kazan, 1811. - p. 54. (159 pp.) [Stranstvovanie Filippa Efremova v Kirgizskoj stepi, Buharii, Hive, Persii, Tibet i Indii i vozvrashenie ego ottuda cherez Angliyu v Rossiyu. Trete izdanie. – Kazan, 1811. – S. 54. (159 s)].
26. Hasanbek Rumlu. Ahsan at-tawarikh. Tehran. 1349/1930. - p. 42 [Hasanbek Rumlu. Axsan at tavorix. Tehron. 1349 /1930. - 934 p].
2. Abulgazi Bahadirhan. Shajarayi Türk / Responsible editor B. Akhmedov. Preparers for publication: K. Munirov, K. Makhmudov. - Tashkent: Cholpon, 1992. - 190 p [Abulg‘oziy Bahodirxon. Shajarayi turk / Mas’ul muharrir B. Ahmedov. Nashrga tayyorlovchilar: Q. Munirov, Q. Mahmudov. – Toshkent: Cho‘lpon, 1992. – 190 b].
3. Agzamova G.A. On the caravan routes from Khiva to Orenburg // Social Sciences in Uzbekistan. - 1991. - № 12. - p. 43-48 [Agzamova G.A. O karavannyh putyah iz Hivy v Orenburg // Obshestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane. – 1991. – № 12. – B. 43-48].
4. Agzamova G.A. The Central Asian centres of trade and routes linking ix with Russia: Dissertation ... Conf. of Science - T., 1990. - 195 p [Agzamova G.A. Sredneaziatskie centry torgovli i puti, svyazyvayushie ih s Rossiej.: Dis. ... kand. istor. nauk. – T., 1990. – 195].
5. Baikova N.B. The role of Central Asia in Russian-Indian trade relations. (First half of the XVI - second half of the XVIII centuries). - Т., 1964. - 192 p [Bajkova N.B. Rol Srednej Azii v Russko-indijskih torgovyh svyazyah. (pervaya polovina XVI – vtoraya polovina XVIII veka). – T., 1964. – 192 s].
6. Valieva D. On foreign economic relations of Bukhara and Khiva in the first half of the XIX century (according to archival documents) // Oriental Studies. - 1997. - № 8. - p. 168 [Valiyeva D. XIX asrning birinchi yarmida Buxoro va Xivaning tashqi iqtisodiy aloqalariga doir (Arxiv hujjatlari asosida) // Sharqshunoslik. – 1997. – № 8. – B. 168].
7. Valiyeva D. Near-Eastern-Iranian relations in the first half of the XIX century//XIA Interaction of Central Asian and adjacent Eastern countries. - Т., 1963. - p. 60-66 [Valieva D. Sredneaziatsko-iranskie otnosheniya v pervoj polovine XIX veka // Vzaimootnosheniya narodov Srednej Azii i sopredelnyh stran Vostoka. – T., 1963. – S. 60-66].
8. Vamberi A. Communication ways in Central Asia // Turkestan collage. Sppb. 1868. Ò. XII. p. 340-341 [Vamberi A. Puti soobsheniya v Srednej Azii // Turkestanskij sbornik. Spb., 1868. T. XII. S. 340-341].
9. Vamberi A. Travel in Central Asia: Description of the train from Tehran via Turkmen steppe to the east coast of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Bukhara, and Samarkand, undertaken in 1863 with a scientific purpose by commission of Hungarian Academy in Pesht, its member A. Vamberi // Turkestanskiy collection 1868. - 1869, St.Petersburg. Т. 12. - p. 1-320 [Vamberi A. Puteshestvie po Srednej Azii: Opisanie poezdki iz Tegerana cherez Turkmenskuyu step po vostochnomu beregu Kaspijskogo morya v Hivu, Buharu i Samarkand, predprinyatoe v 1863 godu s nauchnoyu celyu po porucheniyu Vengerskoj Akademii v Peshte, chlenom eya A. Vamberi // Turkestanskij sbornik 1868 g. – Spb., 1869. T. 12. – S. 1-320].
10. Veselovsky N.I. The Swedish essay on Khiva Khanate from ancient times to the present. - Spp. 1877. - 364 p [Veselovskij N.I. Ocherk istoriko-geograficheskih svedenij o Hivinskom hanstve s drevnejshih vremen do nastoyashego. – Spb., 1877. – 364 s].
11. Kamal-ud-Din Ali Binay. Shaybani-nameh // Materials on the history of the Kazakh khanates in the XV-XVIII centuries (Extracts from Persian and Turkic works) / Compiled by S.K.Ibragimov: S.K.Ibragimov, N.N.Mingulov, K.A.Pishchulina, V.P.Yudin. - Alma-Ata, 1969. - 652 p [Kamal ad-Din Ali Binai. Shajbani-name // Materialy po istorii kazahskih hanstv XV – XVIII vv. (Izvlecheniya iz persidskih i tyurkskih sochinenij) / Sost.: S.K. Ibragimov, N.N. Mingulov, K.A. Pishulina, V.P. Yudin. – Alma-Ata, 1969. – 652 s].
12. Kinyapina N.S., Bliev M.M., Degoev V.V. The Caucasus and Central Asia and Russia's foreign policy. (2nd half of the XVIII-XIX centuries). 1984. 327 pp. 220) [Kinyapina N.S., Bliev M.M., Degoev V.V. Kavkaz i Sredniya Aziya vo vneshnej politike Rossii. (2 pol. XVIII-XIX vv.) Izdatelsktvo Moskovskogo Universiteta. 1984. 327 st. 220 s.].
13. Korzhenevskiy N.L. The Embassy of Mikhail Tikhonov to Persia and his way to Khorasan through Khiva and Kara-Kumy (1613-1615) // Izvestiya AS UzSSR. - 1951. - № 6. - p. 69-72 [Korzhenevskij N.L. Posolstvo Mihaila Tihonova v Persiyu i put ego cherez Hivu i Kara-Kumy v Horasan (1613 – 1615 gg.) // Izvestiya AN UzSSR. – 1951. – № 6. – S. 69-72].
14. Masson M.E. The Middle-eve trade ways from Merv and Khorezm to Mavarannahr (within the borders of Turkmen SSR) // Proceedings of South-Turkmen archeological complex expedition. - Ashkhabad, 1966. VOL. XIII. - 256 p [Masson M.E. Srednevekovye torgovye puti iz Merva v Horezm i Mavarennahr (v predelah Turkmenskoj SSR) // Trudy Yuzhno–Turkmenskoj arheologicheskoj kompleksnoj ekspedicii. – Ashhabad, 1966. T. XIII. – 256].
15. Mirza Rizakuli. Safarnomai Khorezm. Manuscripts collection of the Russian Academy of Sciences, op. 9129. - 41 p [Mirzo Rizoquli. Safarnomayi Xorazm. O‘zR FA SHI qo‘lyozmalar fondi, inv. 9129. – 41 varaq].
16. Mikhaleva G.A. From the history of protection of caravan tracks in Central Asia // Scientific reports of the social sciences department of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. - 1963. Pp. p. 128-153 [Mihaleva G.A. Iz istorii ohrany karavannyh putej v Srednej Azii // Nauchnye soobsheniya otdela obshestvennah nauk AN Uz SSR. – 1963. Kn. 6. – S. 128-153].
17. Mikhaleva G.A. Seitov Posad of Orenburg and its role in the development of Russian and Central Asian trade. (The second half of the XVIII - the end of the XIX c.) // Social Sciences in Uzbekistan. - 1971. - № 12. - p. 39-45 [Mihaleva G.A. Seitovskij posad Orenburga i ego rol v razvitii russko-sredneaziatskoj torgovli. (vtoraya polovina XVIII – nachalo XIX v.) // Obshestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane. – 1971. – № 12. – S. 39-45].
18. Munis and Ogahi. Firdavs ul-Iqbal / Responsible editor and series author Sh. Vohidov. - Tashkent: New Century Generation, 2010. - 518 p [Munis va Ogahiy. Firdavs ul-iqbol / Mas’ul muharrir va turkum muallifi Sh. Vohidov. – Toshkent: Yangi asr avlodi, 2010. – 518 b].
19. Muhammadiyar ibn Arab Qatagan. Musakhir al-bilad (The Occupation of Countries) / Editor-in-Chief Sh. Vokhidov. - Tashkent, 2009. - 430 p [Muhammadyor ibn Arab Qatag‘an. Musaxxir al-bilod (Mamlakatlarning egallanishi) / Mas’ul muharrir Sh. Vohidov. – Toshkent, 2009. – 430 b].
20. Pankov A.V. The history of trade in Central Asia and Russia in the 16th-17th centuries. - Т., 1927. - 195 p [Pankov A.V. K istorii torgovli Srednej Azii s Rossiej XVI – XVII vv. – T., 1927. – 195 s.].
21. Popov A. Communication between Russia and Bukhara and Khiva under Peter I. - Spb. 1853. - 188 p [Popov A. Snoshenie Rossii s Buharoj i Hivoj pri Petre I. - Spb. 1853. - 188 s.].
22. Traveling from Orenburg to Khiva, Samara merchant Danilo Rukavkin in 1753, with the acquisition of various information about Khiva from remote times to the present / / Turkestan collection. - St. Petersburg, 1883. Т. 386. - p. 352-401[Puteshestvie iz Orenburga v Hivu Samarskogo kupca Danila Rukavkina v 1753 godu, s priobsheniem raznyh izvestij o Hive s otdalennyh vremen do nyne // Turkestanskij sbornik. – Spb., 1883. T. 386. – S. 352-401].
23. Rezaqulikhan Hidayat. Saforatnomayi Khorezm (1851 from the history of diplomatic relations between Nasiruddin Shah and Muhammad-Amin-khan) / Khorezm travel diaries. Responsible editor Sh. Vahidov, translator from Persian I. Bekjonov. - Tashkent: Novoye Sredeniye (New Generation), 2009. – p.53 – 231 [Rizoqulixon Hidoyat. Saforatnomayi Xorazm (Nosiriddinshoh va Muhammad Aminxon o‘rtasidagi diplomatik aloqalar tarixidan 1851 yil) / Xorazm safari kundaliklari. Mas’ul muharrir Sh. Vohidov, fors tilidan tarjimon I. Bekjonov. – Toshkent: Yangi asr avlodi, 2009. – B.53 – 231]
24. Seidi Ali Rais. Miratul al-mamolik /Translated and commentary by Sh. Zununov. - Т., 1963. - 160 p [Seydi Ali Rais. Mir’otul al-mamolik / Tarjima va izohlar Sh. Zunnunovniki. – T., 1963. – 160 b].
25. Philip Efremova's Travels in the Kyrgyz Steppe, Bukhari, Khiva, Persia, Tibet and India and His Return through England and Russia. Third edition. - Kazan, 1811. - p. 54. (159 pp.) [Stranstvovanie Filippa Efremova v Kirgizskoj stepi, Buharii, Hive, Persii, Tibet i Indii i vozvrashenie ego ottuda cherez Angliyu v Rossiyu. Trete izdanie. – Kazan, 1811. – S. 54. (159 s)].
26. Hasanbek Rumlu. Ahsan at-tawarikh. Tehran. 1349/1930. - p. 42 [Hasanbek Rumlu. Axsan at tavorix. Tehron. 1349 /1930. - 934 p].
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