An Analysis of the Influence of Cultural Beliefs on Educational Leadership Practices in Pakistan: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Schools
Keywords:
Cultural beliefs, Educational leadership practices, Pakistan, Comparative, Public Schools, Private Schools
Abstract
Education is a key component of social and cultural development, and the influence of cultural beliefs on educational leadership practices cannot be overstated. This study focuses on the impact of cultural beliefs on educational leadership practices in Pakistan, with a specific emphasis on the comparison of public and private schools. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of cultural beliefs on educational leadership practices in Pakistan and to compare the practices in public and private schools. The population of the study consisted of educational leaders in public and private schools in Pakistan. The sample of the study was selected through purposive sampling and consisted of 10 educational leaders in both public and private schools. In-depth interviews and observation were used as the primary data collection tools in this study. The data was analysed using a thematic analysis approach. The findings of this study revealed that cultural beliefs significantly influence educational leadership practices in Pakistan, particularly in terms of decision-making, communication, and relationship-building. It is recommended that further research be conducted to better understand the influence of cultural beliefs on educational leadership practices in different cultural contexts. Additionally, the results of this study can be used to inform the development of cultural competence training programs for educational leaders in Pakistan.
References
1. Ahmad, R. & Al-Rashed, K. (2010). Differences in leadership styles between public and private sectors in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Management Development, 29(5), 410-422.
2. Al-Yahya, M. S., & Al-Yahya, M. K. (2021). The impact of cultural values on the leadership styles of school administrators in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 24(3), 354-365.
3. Ali, M. S. B., Shah, A. A., & Sarwar, M. (2021). Analysis of MPhil/PhD Supervisor’s Relationship Development and Communication Competence. Global Social Sciences Review, VI(I), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.31703/GSSR.2021(VI-I).43
4. Chen, W., & Wang, Y. (2020). Cultural values and leadership in schools: A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Leadership, Policy and Practice, 35(1), 101-114.
5. Yilmaz, A., & Ates, A. (2021). The relationship between cultural values and educational leadership: Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 24(5), 595-604.
6. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage publications.
7. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
8. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
9. Eisenbeiss, S. A., Knippenberg, D. V., Boerner, S., & Boerner, K. (2008). Cultural values as predictors of leadership prototypes across 22 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(5), 524-542.
10. Fullan, M. (2015). Change leader: Learning to do what matters most. John Wiley & Sons.
11. Gardner, J. W. (1990). On leadership. Simon and Schuster.
12. Harms, P. D., Hughes, J. N., & Jewell, J. A. (2010). Leadership in early childhood: The path to professionalism. Routledge.
13. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage publications.
14. House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Sage publications.
15. Javed, M., Al-Ajmi, A., & Abu-Dawas, A. (2021). The Impact of Culture on School Leadership in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Journal of Education and Practice, 12(2), 63-74.
16. Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2007). The leadership challenges. John Wiley & Sons.
17. Kumari, H.M.L. (2019) A Study on Instructional Supervision by Principals in Type 1C and Type 2 Schools in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Social Sciences: PEOPLE 5 (3), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
18. Kumari, H. M. L. (2020) Instructional Leadership Practice and Educational Achievement of Students: Survey of Literature. Adyapana SANWADA 10, 121-133, University of Colombo PRESS
19. Kumari, H. M. L. (2021a) A study on instructional supervision by principals in Type 2 and Type 3 schools in the Colombo District, Sri Lanka. International Research Symposium 2021Interdisciplinary Research in Education, PROCEEDINGS (1), 176-185 https://edu.cmb.ac.lk/proceedings-irs-2021/
20. Kumari, H. M. L. (2021b) A Study on Distributed Leadership Practices and its Impact on Teaching and Learning. International Journal of Teaching, Education and Learning: PUPIL 5(1), 55-72 https://doi.org/10.20319/pijtel.2021.51.5572
21. Kumari, H. M. L. (2022a). Instructional Supervision by Principals in Type 1C and Type 2 Schools in the Gampaha District Sri Lanka. International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) 5(8), 117-125 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE
22. Kumari, H.M.L. (2022b) Principals Distributed Leadership Practices and its Impact on Teaching and Learning in Type 1AB and Type 1C Schools in the Colombo District Sri Lanka. International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) 5 (9), 17-25 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE
23. Kumari, H. M. L. (2022e). Instructional Supervision by Principals in Type 2 and Type 3 Schools in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Journal of Education 1(1), 73-88
24. Kumari, H.M.L. (2022c) Importance of School Leadership in improving Educational Achievement of Students: Survey of Literature. Adyapana PRATHIBA (12), 135-147. University of Colombo Press.
25. Kumari, H.MM. L. (2022d) A Study on the Implementation of School Based Management of Secondary Schools in Sri Lanka with special reference to 1AB & 1C Schools. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS), 11(11), 16-24 http://www.ijltemas.in/digital-library/volume-xi-issue-xi.php
26. Leithwood, K., Louis, K. S., Anderson, S., & Wahlstrom, K. (2004). How leadership influences student learning. The Wallace Foundation.
27. Pillegedara, S.P. & Kumari, H. M. L. (2021). School-based planning and the contribution of stakeholders in developing the re-opened schools. International Research Symposium 2021, Interdisciplinary Research in Education, PROCEEDINGS (1), 387-392 https://edu.cmb.ac.lk/proceedings-irs-2021/
28. Schein, E. H. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.
29. Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership. John Wiley & Sons.
30. Shah, S., Zaidi, S., & Irshad, M. (2020). Influence of Culture on Instructional Supervision in Pakistani Schools. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(4), 1-9.
31. Tracey, J. B., & Hinkin, T. R. (2003). The influence of national culture on leadership prototypes. Journal of World Business, 38(2), 139-158.
32. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Westview Press.
33. Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2008). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership. School Leadership & Management, 28(1), 27-42.
34. Mashriqui, H., Rauf, M., & Mufti, N. A. (2020). Impact of Culture on the Practices of School Leadership. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(5), 1-10.
35. Naveed, A., & Ali, M. (2020). Comparative Study of Public and Private Schools in Pakistan: An Overview. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(1), 1-7.
36. Wijekoon, K.M.J. & Kumari, H. M. L. (2021) Examining the teachers’ perception of the School Based Professional Teacher Development Programms. International Research Symposium 2021, Interdisciplinary Research in Education, PROCEEDINGS (1), 387-392 https://edu.cmb.ac.lk/proceedings-irs-2021
37. Yilmaz, A., & Ates, A. (2021). The relationship between cultural values and educational leadership: Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 24(5), 595-604.
2. Al-Yahya, M. S., & Al-Yahya, M. K. (2021). The impact of cultural values on the leadership styles of school administrators in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 24(3), 354-365.
3. Ali, M. S. B., Shah, A. A., & Sarwar, M. (2021). Analysis of MPhil/PhD Supervisor’s Relationship Development and Communication Competence. Global Social Sciences Review, VI(I), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.31703/GSSR.2021(VI-I).43
4. Chen, W., & Wang, Y. (2020). Cultural values and leadership in schools: A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Leadership, Policy and Practice, 35(1), 101-114.
5. Yilmaz, A., & Ates, A. (2021). The relationship between cultural values and educational leadership: Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 24(5), 595-604.
6. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage publications.
7. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
8. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
9. Eisenbeiss, S. A., Knippenberg, D. V., Boerner, S., & Boerner, K. (2008). Cultural values as predictors of leadership prototypes across 22 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(5), 524-542.
10. Fullan, M. (2015). Change leader: Learning to do what matters most. John Wiley & Sons.
11. Gardner, J. W. (1990). On leadership. Simon and Schuster.
12. Harms, P. D., Hughes, J. N., & Jewell, J. A. (2010). Leadership in early childhood: The path to professionalism. Routledge.
13. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage publications.
14. House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Sage publications.
15. Javed, M., Al-Ajmi, A., & Abu-Dawas, A. (2021). The Impact of Culture on School Leadership in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Journal of Education and Practice, 12(2), 63-74.
16. Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2007). The leadership challenges. John Wiley & Sons.
17. Kumari, H.M.L. (2019) A Study on Instructional Supervision by Principals in Type 1C and Type 2 Schools in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Social Sciences: PEOPLE 5 (3), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
18. Kumari, H. M. L. (2020) Instructional Leadership Practice and Educational Achievement of Students: Survey of Literature. Adyapana SANWADA 10, 121-133, University of Colombo PRESS
19. Kumari, H. M. L. (2021a) A study on instructional supervision by principals in Type 2 and Type 3 schools in the Colombo District, Sri Lanka. International Research Symposium 2021Interdisciplinary Research in Education, PROCEEDINGS (1), 176-185 https://edu.cmb.ac.lk/proceedings-irs-2021/
20. Kumari, H. M. L. (2021b) A Study on Distributed Leadership Practices and its Impact on Teaching and Learning. International Journal of Teaching, Education and Learning: PUPIL 5(1), 55-72 https://doi.org/10.20319/pijtel.2021.51.5572
21. Kumari, H. M. L. (2022a). Instructional Supervision by Principals in Type 1C and Type 2 Schools in the Gampaha District Sri Lanka. International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) 5(8), 117-125 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE
22. Kumari, H.M.L. (2022b) Principals Distributed Leadership Practices and its Impact on Teaching and Learning in Type 1AB and Type 1C Schools in the Colombo District Sri Lanka. International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) 5 (9), 17-25 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE
23. Kumari, H. M. L. (2022e). Instructional Supervision by Principals in Type 2 and Type 3 Schools in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Journal of Education 1(1), 73-88
24. Kumari, H.M.L. (2022c) Importance of School Leadership in improving Educational Achievement of Students: Survey of Literature. Adyapana PRATHIBA (12), 135-147. University of Colombo Press.
25. Kumari, H.MM. L. (2022d) A Study on the Implementation of School Based Management of Secondary Schools in Sri Lanka with special reference to 1AB & 1C Schools. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS), 11(11), 16-24 http://www.ijltemas.in/digital-library/volume-xi-issue-xi.php
26. Leithwood, K., Louis, K. S., Anderson, S., & Wahlstrom, K. (2004). How leadership influences student learning. The Wallace Foundation.
27. Pillegedara, S.P. & Kumari, H. M. L. (2021). School-based planning and the contribution of stakeholders in developing the re-opened schools. International Research Symposium 2021, Interdisciplinary Research in Education, PROCEEDINGS (1), 387-392 https://edu.cmb.ac.lk/proceedings-irs-2021/
28. Schein, E. H. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.
29. Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership. John Wiley & Sons.
30. Shah, S., Zaidi, S., & Irshad, M. (2020). Influence of Culture on Instructional Supervision in Pakistani Schools. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(4), 1-9.
31. Tracey, J. B., & Hinkin, T. R. (2003). The influence of national culture on leadership prototypes. Journal of World Business, 38(2), 139-158.
32. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Westview Press.
33. Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2008). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership. School Leadership & Management, 28(1), 27-42.
34. Mashriqui, H., Rauf, M., & Mufti, N. A. (2020). Impact of Culture on the Practices of School Leadership. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(5), 1-10.
35. Naveed, A., & Ali, M. (2020). Comparative Study of Public and Private Schools in Pakistan: An Overview. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(1), 1-7.
36. Wijekoon, K.M.J. & Kumari, H. M. L. (2021) Examining the teachers’ perception of the School Based Professional Teacher Development Programms. International Research Symposium 2021, Interdisciplinary Research in Education, PROCEEDINGS (1), 387-392 https://edu.cmb.ac.lk/proceedings-irs-2021
37. Yilmaz, A., & Ates, A. (2021). The relationship between cultural values and educational leadership: Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 24(5), 595-604.
Published
2023-02-15
How to Cite
[1]
Ali, M.S.B. and Yasmeen, R. 2023. An Analysis of the Influence of Cultural Beliefs on Educational Leadership Practices in Pakistan: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Schools. International Journal on Integrated Education. 6, 2 (Feb. 2023), 92-104. DOI:https://doi.org/10.17605/ijie.v6i2.4005.
Section
Articles
In submitting the manuscript to the International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE), the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
- The publication has been approved by the author(s) and by responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.
License and Copyright Agreement
Authors who publish with International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
1.png)
