Democratic Governance and Educational Development in Nigeria
Keywords:
Education, Democracy, Governance, Development, Educational Policy, Implementation
Abstract
Democratic governance is foundational to sustainable socio-economic development and the safeguarding of human rights. Despite progress in expanding educational access in Nigeria under democratic rule, the quality of education remains a concern. Key factors like curriculum, teaching methods, teacher quality, and the learning environment are pivotal in shaping educational quality. Notwithstanding efforts to revise the curriculum, enhance teacher training, and improve the learning environment, desired outcomes have been elusive. Rising illiteracy rates have contributed to social issues such as terrorism, banditry, kidnapping, militancy, and cultism. Contrary to expectations, education has not brought about the anticipated societal transformation, despite substantial budget allocations. This paradoxical situation, wherein significant investments in education have not translated into social improvements, necessitates closer scrutiny. This study investigates the impact of democratic governance on Nigeria's educational development from 1999 to 2022, using the Human Capital Theory as a lens. Using a qualitative research approach, the study analyzes data from secondary sources such as textbooks, journal publications, internet materials, and government publications. The study reveals a multifaceted impact of democratic governance on Nigeria's education, with key policies enhancing educational access and infrastructure. However, policy implementation has encountered obstacles such as corruption, inadequate funding, poor teacher quality, and socio-cultural factors. Despite the involvement of diverse stakeholders, persistent challenges call for continued collaboration for improved education quality. To strengthen Nigeria's educational development under democratic governance, the study recommends several steps. These include increasing financial commitment to education, aligning it with UNESCO's recommended 15-20% national budget allocation, tackling corruption, improving teacher quality, and enhancing stakeholder engagement. Further, addressing socio-cultural barriers to education through advocacy campaigns and culturally sensitive educational policies is crucial. These measures aim to foster a more inclusive, high-quality educational system in Nigeria.
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2. Adeyemi, K. (2013). Financing of education in Nigeria: An analytical review. American Journal of Educational Research, 1(8), 355-361.
3. Adeyemi, T. O. (2008). The Influence of School Variables on Academic Performance of Primary School Pupils in Ekiti State, Nigeria. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 1(1), 1-18.
4. Adeyemi, T. O., & Adeyinka, A. A. (2003). The Principles and Content of African Traditional Education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 35(4), 425–440.
5. Ajayi, I. A. (2012). Students' Participation in University Governance and Organizational Effectiveness in Ekiti and Ondo States, Nigeria. International Education Studies, 5(1), 119-125.
6. Akpan, P. A. (2011). Basic Science Development in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges. US-China Education Review, 8(5), 561-569.
7. Akpan, P.A. (2015). Work-related variables as correlate of institutions’ commitment of Secondary School teachers in Cross River State, Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Science, 6(51), 315-325.
8. Babajide, V. T. (2017). Role of Civil Society Organizations in Educational Development in Nigeria. International Journal of Education, Learning, and Development, 5(6), 21-29.
9. Babalola, Y. A. (2020). Girl-child Education in Northern Nigeria: Issues, Challenges and The Way Forward. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(6), 82-89.
10. Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human beings. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5, Part 2), 9-49.
11. Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.
12. Campbell, J., & Harwood, A. (2018). Nigeria: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press.
13. Collins, A., & Halverson, R. (2009). Rethinking education in the age of technology: The digital revolution and schooling in America. Teachers College Press.
14. Coppedge, M., Alvarez, A., & Maldonado, C. (2011). Two persistent dimensions of democracy: Contestation and inclusiveness. The Journal of Politics, 73(3), 762-782.
15. Dahl, R. A. (2000). On democracy. Yale University Press.
16. Dahl, R. A. (2000). The future of democratic governance. In I. Shapiro & C. Hacker-Cordón (Eds.), Democracy's edges (pp. 57-77). Cambridge University Press.
17. Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). The flat world and education: How America's commitment to equity will determine our future. Teachers College Press.
18. Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education. Macmillan.
19. Dewey, J. (2018). Experience and Education. Kappa Delta Pi.
20. Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press.
21. Fafunwa, A. B. (2004). History of education in Nigeria. University Press.
22. Falola, T., & Heaton, M. M. (2008). A History of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press.
23. Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN). (2013). National Policy on Education. NERDC Press.
24. Federal Republic of Nigeria. (1999). Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Federal Government Press.
25. Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2004). National Policy on Education (4th ed.). NERDC Press.
26. Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2004). Universal Basic Education Act. Federal Republic of Nigeria.
27. Fullan, M. (2007). The new meaning of educational change (4th ed.). Teachers College Press.
28. Gbarage, M.B. (2022). Teachers’ job satisfaction and effective implementation of National Policy on Education in Public Senior Secondary Schools in Rivers State. International Journal of Institutional Leadership and Management, 4 (2), Pp 278-308.
29. Gbarage, M.B. (2021). Teachers’ work management and family life balance for improved service deliver in Public Secondary Schools in Rivers State. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 14(1), 177-193.
30. Gbarage, M.B; & Ololube N.P (2022). The Influence of staff welfare scheme and career Development Needs and the Effective Implementation of the Nigerian National Policy on Education (NPE). International Journal of Economics, Environment Development Society, 3(3), 265-287.
31. Global Partnership for Education (GPE). (2022). GPE in Nigeria. GPE.
32. Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2008). The role of cognitive skills in economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(3), 607-668.
33. Hattie, J. (2008). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. Routledge.
34. Holmberg, S., Rothstein, B., & Nasiritousi, N. (2009). Quality of government: What you get. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 135-161.
35. Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC). (2018). University admissions: Study of corruption, preferences, and biases in Nigeria. ICPC.
36. Jega, A. M. (2015). Nigeria's 2015 General Elections: Continuity and Change in Electoral Democracy. Rowman & Littlefield.
37. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The worldwide governance indicators: Methodology and analytical issues. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 3, 220-246.
38. Lijphart, A. (1977). Democracy in plural societies: A comparative exploration. Yale University Press.
39. Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69-105.
40. Montesquieu, B. (1748). The spirit of the laws. Hafner.
41. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2020). Nigerian Gross Domestic Product Report. NBS Press.
42. Nigerian Education Data Survey (NEDS). (2015). Nigerian Education Data Survey. NEDS.
43. Oduro, G. (2007). Educational leadership for social justice in Ghana and Nigeria. Journal of Educational Administration, 45(6), 789-811.
44. OECD. (2005). Teachers matter: Attracting, developing and retaining effective teachers. OECD Publishing.
45. OECD. (2019). Trends shaping education 2019. OECD Publishing
46. Ogbonnaya, N. O. (2013). Issues in the implementation of universal basic education (UBE) programme in Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(11), 66-75.
47. Ogbonnaya, N. O. (2017). Issues and challenges in the implementation of the Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme in Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(9), 39-45.
48. Ogundiya, I. S. (2010). Democracy and Good Governance: Nigeria's Dilemma. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 4(6), 201-208.
49. Ojogbane, A. E. (2017). Assessing the Impact of Student Union Government on University Governance in Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(16), 169-174.
50. Okebukola, P. (2013). The state of university education in Nigeria. National Universities Commission.
51. Oketch, M., McCowan, T., & Schendel, R. (2014). The Impact of Tertiary Education on Development. Institute of Education, University of London.
52. Ololube, N.P (2017). Educational management, planning and supervision: Model for effective implementation (2nd Edition). Pearl Publishers.
53. Omoregie, R. O. (2005). Religion and Education in Nigeria: Illustrations from Christianity, Islam and Traditional religions. Confluence Journal of Religious Studies, 1(1), 36-50.
54. Oyewo, O. (2016). The Judiciary and Governance in Nigeria. Journal of Law and Judicial System, 1(2), 13-22.
55. Pateman, C. (1970). Participation and democratic theory. Cambridge University Press.
56. Pitkin, H. F. (1967). The concept of representation. University of California Press.
57. Przeworski, A. (1991). Democracy and the market: Political and economic reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
58. Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Harvard University Press.
59. Schmitter, P. C., & Karl, T. L. (1991). What democracy is... and is not. Journal of Democracy, 2(3), 75-88.
60. Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
61. Smith, D. J. (2007). A Culture of Corruption: Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria. Princeton University Press.
62. Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP). (2020). Corruption in Nigeria: Patterns and trends. SERAP.
63. Tamanaha, B. Z. (2004). On the rule of law: History, politics, theory. Cambridge University Press.
64. Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund). (2012). TETFund 2011 annual report. TETFund.
65. Transparency International. (2019). Corruption Perceptions Index 2019. Transparency International.
66. Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. Jossey-Bass.
67. UBE. (2004). Compulsory, Free Universal Basic Education Act. UBE Press.
68. UN. (2015). Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. United Nations.
69. UNDP. (2014). Governance for sustainable development: Integrating governance in the post-2015 development framework. UNDP.
70. UNESCO. (1990). World Declaration on Education for All: Meeting basic learning needs. UNESCO.
71. UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action: Education for All: Meeting our collective commitments. UNESCO.
72. UNESCO. (2012). World Atlas of Gender Equality in Education. UNESCO.
73. UNESCO. (2013). Policy guidelines for mobile learning. UNESCO.
74. UNESCO. (2015). Education for All 2000-2015: Achievements and challenges. UNESCO.
75. UNESCO. (2015). Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. UNESCO.
76. UNESCO. (2015). Rethinking Education: Towards a Global Common Good? UNESCO Publishing.
77. UNESCO. (2016). Education for People and Planet: Creating Sustainable Futures for All. UNESCO Press.
78. UNESCO. (2017). Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Learning Objectives. UNESCO.
79. UNICEF. (2015). Advancing WASH in Schools Monitoring. UNICEF.
80. United Nations Development Programme. (2002). Human development report 2002: Deepening democracy in a fragmented world. Oxford University Press.
81. Universal Basic Education Commission (UBE). (2004). The compulsory, free, universal basic education act. Abuja, Nigeria: UBE
82. USAID. (2020). Northern Education Initiative Plus. USAID.
83. Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (2015). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Harvard University Press.
84. World Bank. (2013). Nigeria - Learning from local success: A study of school-based management in Nigeria. World Bank.
85. World Bank. (2019). Nigeria: Basic education public expenditure review. World Bank.
86. World Bank. (2020). World Development Report 2020: Realizing the Promise of Education for Development. World Bank..
87. Yusha'u, M. A., Tsafe, A. K., Babangida, S. I., & Lawal, N. (2013). Role of traditional rulers in conflict prevention and mediation in Nigeria. Journal of Social Science, 9(2), 101-109.
Published
2023-07-31
How to Cite
[1]
PhD, Th.D., M.B.G. 2023. Democratic Governance and Educational Development in Nigeria. International Journal on Integrated Education. 6, 7 (Jul. 2023), 317-338. DOI:https://doi.org/10.17605/ijie.v6i7.4663.
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