The Integrating Emotional Intelligence and Resilience: Approaches for Enhancing Well-Being and Coping in Diverse Workplaces
Keywords:
Emotional Intelligence, Resilience, Life Satisfaction, Workplace Well-being, Emotional Regulation, Organizational Psychology
Abstract
Diversity and inclusion are crucial to corporate success in the worldwide workplace. However, more diversity may lead to interpersonal problems, misunderstanding, and workplace stress, which can lead to job burnout and worse employee well-being. This research examines how emotional intelligence (EI) and resilience might help people overcome these problems. According to Social Cognitive Theory, resilient people can better comprehend, react to, and learn from workplace social signals and stresses. We also examine how executive capabilities including working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control affect EL and resilience strategies. Through a thorough assessment of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being studies, we emphasize the relevance of developing both to improve employee life satisfaction and performance. This research also discusses how EI and resilience may be used to negotiate social influence phenomena like compliance and conformity to foster good social connections and lessen peer pressure. To address methodological problems, we explore possible biases in this study and suggest ways to mitigate them. We also use mediation analysis to investigate the intricate linkages between EI, resilience, workplace diversity, and employee well-being. We acknowledge missing data in social science research and provide practical advice on how to manage it for strong and credible research outcomes. This study seeks to explain how El and resilience may be used to create a happy, inclusive, and successful workplace by linking psychological research disciplines.
References
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1978). Reflections on self-efficacy. Advances in Behavioral Research and Therapy, 1(4), 237-269.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Bass, B. M. (1999). Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(1), 9-32.
Behfar, K. J., Kern, M. C., & Brett, J. M. (2006). Managing challenges in multicultural teams. In E. A. Mannix, M. A. Neale, & Y. R. Chen (Eds.), Research on managing groups and teams (Vol. 9, pp. 233-262). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Brewer, M. B., & Kramer, R. M. (1985). The Psychology of Intergroup Attitudes and Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 36(1), 219-243.
Carmeli, A., Yitzhak-Halevy, M., & Weisberg, J. (2009). The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance: A Study among Israeli Managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(1), 44-61.
Cottrill, K., Lopez, P. D., & Hoffman, C. C. (2014). How Authentic Leadership and Inclusion Benefit Organizations. Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion: An International Journal, 33(3), 275-292.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Halpern, D. F., & Murphy, S. E. (Eds.). (2005). From Work-Family Balance to Work-Family Interaction: Changing the Metaphor. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Jehn, K. A., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (1999). Why Differences Make a Difference: A Field Study of Diversity, Conflict, and Performance in Workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 741-763.
Jordan, P. J., & Troth, A. C. (2004). Managing Emotions During Team Problem Solving: Emotional Intelligence and Conflict Resolution. Human Performance, 17(2), 195-218.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human Abilities: Emotional Intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 507-536.
Miller, F. A., & Katz, J. H. (2002). The Inclusion Breakthrough: Unleashing the Real Power of Diversity. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Mor Barak, M. E. (2015). Inclusion is the Key to Diversity Management, but What is Inclusion? Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 39(2), 83-88.
Ng, K. Y., & Sorensen, K. L. (2008). Toward a Further Understanding of the Relationships between Perceptions of Support and Work Attitudes: A Meta-Analysis. Group & Organization Management, 33(3), 243-268.
Roberson, Q. M. (2006). Disentangling the Meanings of Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations. Group & Organization Management, 31(2), 212-236.
Rock, D., & Grant, H. (2016). Why Diverse Teams Are Smarter. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2016/11/why-diverse-teams-are-smarter
Shachaf, P. (2008). Cultural Diversity and Information and Communication Technology Impacts on Global Virtual Teams: An Exploratory Study. Information & Management, 45(2), 131-142.
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Implications for Clinical Practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286.
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back from Negative Emotional Experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320-333.
Wang, G., & Howell, J. M. (2010). Exploring the Dual-Level Effects of Transformational Leadership on Followers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(6), 1134-1144.
Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2007). Positive Organizational Behavior in the Workplace: The Impact of Hope, Optimism, and Resilience. Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800.
Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243-274.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
Roth, R. M., Isquith, P. K., & Gioia, G. A. (2005). BRIEF-A: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version. Psychological Assessment Resources.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3–31). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Mikolajczak, M., Luminet, O., Leroy, C., & Roy, E. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire: Factor structure, reliability, construct, and incremental validity in a French-speaking population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(3), 338-353.
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23.
Zeidner, M., Matthews, G., & Roberts, R. D. (2012). Emotional intelligence, adaptation to stressful encounters, and health outcomes. In P. Salovey, M. A. Brackett, & J. D. Mayer (Eds.), The wisdom in feeling: Psychological processes in emotional intelligence (pp. 214-238). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Robertson, I. T., Cooper, C. L., Sarkar, M., & Curran, T. (2015). Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(3), 533-562.
Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 54-78.
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271-299.
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.
Tufte, E. R. (2001). The visual display of quantitative information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2002). Primal leadership: Learning to lead with emotional intelligence. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Karasek, R. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285-308.
Matsumoto, D. (2001). Culture and psychology. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1978). Reflections on self-efficacy. Advances in Behavioral Research and Therapy, 1(4), 237-269.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Bass, B. M. (1999). Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(1), 9-32.
Behfar, K. J., Kern, M. C., & Brett, J. M. (2006). Managing challenges in multicultural teams. In E. A. Mannix, M. A. Neale, & Y. R. Chen (Eds.), Research on managing groups and teams (Vol. 9, pp. 233-262). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Brewer, M. B., & Kramer, R. M. (1985). The Psychology of Intergroup Attitudes and Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 36(1), 219-243.
Carmeli, A., Yitzhak-Halevy, M., & Weisberg, J. (2009). The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance: A Study among Israeli Managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(1), 44-61.
Cottrill, K., Lopez, P. D., & Hoffman, C. C. (2014). How Authentic Leadership and Inclusion Benefit Organizations. Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion: An International Journal, 33(3), 275-292.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Halpern, D. F., & Murphy, S. E. (Eds.). (2005). From Work-Family Balance to Work-Family Interaction: Changing the Metaphor. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Jehn, K. A., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (1999). Why Differences Make a Difference: A Field Study of Diversity, Conflict, and Performance in Workgroups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(4), 741-763.
Jordan, P. J., & Troth, A. C. (2004). Managing Emotions During Team Problem Solving: Emotional Intelligence and Conflict Resolution. Human Performance, 17(2), 195-218.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Barsade, S. G. (2008). Human Abilities: Emotional Intelligence. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 507-536.
Miller, F. A., & Katz, J. H. (2002). The Inclusion Breakthrough: Unleashing the Real Power of Diversity. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Mor Barak, M. E. (2015). Inclusion is the Key to Diversity Management, but What is Inclusion? Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 39(2), 83-88.
Ng, K. Y., & Sorensen, K. L. (2008). Toward a Further Understanding of the Relationships between Perceptions of Support and Work Attitudes: A Meta-Analysis. Group & Organization Management, 33(3), 243-268.
Roberson, Q. M. (2006). Disentangling the Meanings of Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations. Group & Organization Management, 31(2), 212-236.
Rock, D., & Grant, H. (2016). Why Diverse Teams Are Smarter. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2016/11/why-diverse-teams-are-smarter
Shachaf, P. (2008). Cultural Diversity and Information and Communication Technology Impacts on Global Virtual Teams: An Exploratory Study. Information & Management, 45(2), 131-142.
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Implications for Clinical Practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286.
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back from Negative Emotional Experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320-333.
Wang, G., & Howell, J. M. (2010). Exploring the Dual-Level Effects of Transformational Leadership on Followers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(6), 1134-1144.
Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2007). Positive Organizational Behavior in the Workplace: The Impact of Hope, Optimism, and Resilience. Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800.
Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243-274.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
Roth, R. M., Isquith, P. K., & Gioia, G. A. (2005). BRIEF-A: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version. Psychological Assessment Resources.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3–31). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Mikolajczak, M., Luminet, O., Leroy, C., & Roy, E. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire: Factor structure, reliability, construct, and incremental validity in a French-speaking population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(3), 338-353.
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23.
Zeidner, M., Matthews, G., & Roberts, R. D. (2012). Emotional intelligence, adaptation to stressful encounters, and health outcomes. In P. Salovey, M. A. Brackett, & J. D. Mayer (Eds.), The wisdom in feeling: Psychological processes in emotional intelligence (pp. 214-238). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Robertson, I. T., Cooper, C. L., Sarkar, M., & Curran, T. (2015). Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(3), 533-562.
Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 54-78.
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271-299.
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.
Tufte, E. R. (2001). The visual display of quantitative information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2002). Primal leadership: Learning to lead with emotional intelligence. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Karasek, R. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285-308.
Matsumoto, D. (2001). Culture and psychology. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Published
2023-11-27
How to Cite
[1]
Razia Yasmeen, Zeeshan Munawar and Mirza, F.A. 2023. The Integrating Emotional Intelligence and Resilience: Approaches for Enhancing Well-Being and Coping in Diverse Workplaces. International Journal on Integrated Education. 6, 11 (Nov. 2023), 137-146. DOI:https://doi.org/10.17605/ijie.v6i11.4984.
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2023 Razia Yasmeen, Zeeshan Munawar, Farhat Abbass Mirza
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
In submitting the manuscript to the International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE), the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
- The publication has been approved by the author(s) and by responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.
License and Copyright Agreement
Authors who publish with International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
