REVIEW ON NUTRITIONAL, MEDICINAL VALUE OF CAMEL MILK AND ITS PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE
Keywords:
Camel Milk, Medicinal value, Nutritional Value, Public health importance
Abstract
Of 25.89 million camels in the world, 80% are found in Africa and 20% million in Asia. The camels produce more milk and for longer period of time than any other milk animal held under the same harsh conditions. It is a multi-purpose animal with huge productive potential and has been utilized by humans for transport, milk, meat and skin. Camel milk is one of the main components of the pastoral community's basic diet, which contributes up to30% of the annual caloric intake. The main component of milk which has a major impact on its nutritional value and technological suitability is protein. Milk proteins are a heterogeneous group of compounds that differ in composition and properties. Camel milk is a good substitute for human milk as it does not contain β-lacto globulin. Many research findings proved that Camel milk is easily digested by lactose-intolerant individuals. It is rich in healthy vitamins and minerals, especially vitamins B, vitamin C and iron. The lactoferrin in camel milk has also medicinal values: antibacterial, antiviral and anti-tumor properties. It contains disease-fighting immunoglobulin’s which are small in size, allowing penetration of antigens and boosting the effectiveness of the immune system. It is a rich source of insulin and also it containing approximately 52 units of insulin in each liter of camel milk, making it a great treatment option for Type 1 or Type 2 diabetics as well as Gestational Diabetes. Even if camel milk has the above importance, consuming it with poor hygiene along the camel milk value chain has impact on public health. Our country having this resource should formulate policies and strategies regarding camel milk production, research and extension.
References
1. Abdelhakim S, Youcef B. 2012. Constraints of the Saharan Rangeland on Camels: Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the International Society of Camelid Research and Development. Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, Oman.
2. Abu–Lehia, I. 1990. The variable contents of lactose and chloride in camel milk. Egyptian J. Dairy Sci., 18: 303–14.
3. Abu–Tarboush, H. 1996. Comparison of associative growth and proteolytic activity of yoghurt starters in whole milk from camels and cows. J. Dairy Sci., 79: 366–77.
4. Agrawal, R. P., S. C. Swami, R. Beniwal, D. K. Kochar, M. S. Sahani, F. C. Tuteje and S. K. Ghouri. 2003. Effect of camel milk on glycaemic control, risk factors and diabetes quality of life in type- 1diabetes:A randomized prospective controlled study. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 73(10): 1105-1110.
5. Ahmed, Isam A. Mohamed, Efadil E. Babiker, and Eshraga A. Eissa. 2015. "Physicochemical, Microbiological And Sensory Characteristics Of Yoghurt Produced From Camel Milk During Storage."
6. Ahmed, Isam A. Mohamed, Efadil E. Babiker, and Eshraga A. Eissa. 2015. "Physicochemical, Microbiological and Sensory Characteristics of Yoghurt Produced from Camel Milk during Storage." alternative dairy food. Journal of Livestock Science 7: 19-25.
7. Alhaj, O. A., A. Kanekanian and A. Peters. 2006. The effect of Bifidbacterium lactic and trypsin on cholesterol. In: International Food and Health Innovation Conference, Malmö, Skane Food Innovation Network, Sweden.
8. Al-Majali, A. M., Z. Bani-Ismail, Y. Al-Hami and A. Y. Nour. 2007. Lactoferrin concentration in milk from camels (Camelus dromedaries) with and without subclinical Mastitis. Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 5(3): 120-124.
9. Asresie, Aleme, and Mohammed Yusuf. 2014. "Traditional Consumption, Therapeutic Value and Its Derived Dairy Products of Dromedary Camel (Camelus Dromedaries) Milk in Somali Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia: A Review." Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research 3.1: 240-246.
10. Ateba C, Mbewe M, Moneoang MS, Bezuidenhout CC (2010) Antibioticresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk in the Mafikeng Area, North West province, South Africa. South Afr J Sci 106: 12-13.
11. Attia, H., Kherouatou, N. and Dhouib, A. 2001. Dromedary milk lactic acid fermentation: microbiological and rheological characteristics. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 26: 263–70.
12. Bekele T. 1999. Studies on the respiratory disease ‗Sonbobe‘ in camels in the eastern Lowlands of Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 9:342–345.
13. Benkerroum N, Boughdadi A, Bennani N, Hidane, K (2003) Microbiological quality assessment of Moroccan camel milk and identification of predominating lactic acid bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 14: 645-648.
14. Buonopane, G. J., A. Kilara, J. S. Smith and R. D. McCarthy. 1992. Effect of skim milk supplementation on blood cholesterol concentration, blood pressure, and triglycerides in a free-living human population. J. Am. College Nutr. 11: 56-67.
15. De Buyser, M L., Dufour, B., Maire, M., Lafarge, V. (2001): Implication of milk and milk products in food-borne disease in France and different industrialized countries. – Int. J. Food Microbiol. 67: 1-17.
16. Dukwal, V. Modi, S. and Singh, M. 2007. A comparative study of nutritional composition of camel milk and cow‘s. Camel Conf- Book. International Camel Conference. Bikaner, India.
17. Elagamy, E. I., R. Ruppanner, A. Ismail, C. P. Champagne and R. Assaf. 1992. Antibacterial and antiviral activity of camel‘s milk protective proteins. J. Dairy Res. 59(2): 169-175.
18. El-Agamy, S., Ruppanner, R., Ismail, A., Champagne, C. and Assaf, R. 1992. Antibacterial and Antiviral activity of camel milk protective proteins. Journal of Dairy Research 59: 169-175.
19. Elayan, A. A., A. E. Sulieman and F. A. Saleh. 2008. The hypocholesterolemic effect of Gariss and Gariss containing bifid bacteria in rats fed on a cholesterol-enriched diet. Asian J. Biochem. 3: 43-47.
20. El-Fakharany, E. M., N. Abedelbaky, B. M. Haroun, L. Sanchez, N. A. Redwan and E. M. Redwan. 2012. Anti-infectivity of camel polyclonal antibodies against hepatitis C virus in Huh 7.5 hepatoma. Virol. J. 16(9): 201-211.
21. El-Sayed, M. K., Z. Y. AL-Shoeibi, A. A. Abd El-Ghany and Z. A. Atef. 2011. Effects of camels milk as a vehicle for insulin on glycaemic control and lipid profile in Type 1 diabetics. Am. J. Biochem.Biotechnol. 7(4): 179-189
22. Eyassu, S. 2007. Handling, preservation and Utilization of camel milk in Jigjiga and Shinile
23. FAO (2013).Statistical year book. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
24. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). 1982. FAO Animal Production and Health Papers. Camels and Camel Milk. Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
25. Farah, Z. 1986. Effect of heat treatment on whey proteins of camel milk. Milchwissenschaft 41 (12),
26. Farah, Z. 1993/2. Composition and characteristics Camel milk. J Dairy Res, 60:603-26.
27. Farah, Z. and Fischer, A. (Eds) 2004. Milk and meat from the camel – Handbook on products and processing. Vdf Hochschulverlag, Zürich, Switzerland, pp. 15–28.
28. Farah, Z. and Fischer, A. 2004. Milk and meat from the camel: handbook on products and processing, ETH, Zurich.
29. Food and Agricultural Organization 2011. FAO STAT 2011. Available at: http://faostat.fao.org/site/573/default.aspx
30. Gader, Abdel Galil M. Abdel, and Abdulqader A. Alhaider. 2016. "The unique medicinal properties of camel products: A review of the scientific evidence." Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences.
31. Gizachew, Ayele, Jabir Teha, Tadesse Birhanu. 2015. Ethiopia Nekemte. "Review on Medicinal and Nutritional Values of Camel Milk."
32. Gran HM, Mutukumina AN, Wethlesen A, Narvhus JA (2002) Smallholder dairy processing in Zimbabwe: the production of fermented milk products with particular emphasis on sanitation and microbiological quality. Food Control 13: 161-168.
33. Habib, H. M., W. H. Ibrahim, R. Schneider-Stock and H. M. Hassan. 2013. Camel milk lactoferrin reduces the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells and exerts antioxidant and DNA damage inhibitory activities. Food Chem. 141: 148-152.
34. Habib, H. M., W. H. Ibrahim, R. Schneider-Stock and H. M. Hassan. 2013. Camel milk lactoferrin reduces the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells and exerts antioxidant and DNA damage inhibitory activities. Food Chem. 141: 148-152.
35. Hansen, M., Fernandes, G. and Good, R. 1982. Nutrition and Immunity: The influence of diet on autoimmunity and the role of zinc in the immune response. Annual Review of Nutrition, 2: 151-157.
36. Harrington, P., Archer, J., Davis, J.P., Croft, D.R., Varma, J.K., EIC officers (2002): Outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infections associated with drinking unpasteurized milk through a cow-leasing program-Wisconsin, 2001. – MMWR 51: 548-549.
37. Hattem, H., Manal, A., Naeim, S. and Elham H. 2011. A study on the effect of thermal treatments on composition and some properties of camel milk. Journal of Brewing and Distilling Vol. 2(4), pp. 51–55, November.
38. Kamal and Abdalla 2012. Treatment of Incurable Ailments with Camel‘s Milk and Urine, based on Scientific Research, book in Arabic (ElaajAlamraadAlmostasia Be-labanWa-bool Alebeel, Be-esbaat Al bahth Al-elmi). ISBN: 978-99942-64-15-5. Int‘l University of Africa Press Sudan.
39. Karray, N., C. Lopez, M. Ollivon and H. Attia. 2005. La matiere Grasse du lait de dromadaire: composition, microstructure ET polymorphisme. Une Rrevue OCL. 12: 439-446.
40. Khan, B. and Iqbal, A. 2001. Production and composition of camel milk (review). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 38 (3–4), 64–67.
41. Khaskheli, M., Arain, M., Chaudhry, S., Soomro, A. and Qureshi, A. 2005.Physico-chemical quality of camel milk. J. Agri. Soc. Sci., Vol. 1, No. 2.
42. Knoess, K. 1979. Milk production of the dromedary. In: Camels. IF Symposium Sudan, pp. 201.
43. Konuspayeva, G. and B. Faye. 2011. Identite, vertus therapeutiques ET allegation Sante: les produits ferments d, Asie Centrale. Coll. Culture des laits du Monde, Paris 5-6 Mai 2010. In: Les cahiers de 1OCHA 15: 135-145.
44. Konuspayeva, G., B. Faye, G. Loiseau and D. Levieux, 2006. Lactoferrin and immunoglobin content in camel milk from Kazakhstan. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 38-46.
45. Konuspayeva, G., E. Lemarie, B. Faye, G. Loiseau and D. Montet. 2008. Fatty acid and cholesterol composition of camels (Camelus bactrianus, Camelus dromedarius and hybrids) milk in Kazakhstan. Dairy Sci. Technol. 88: 327-340.
46. Korashy, H. M., Z. H. Maayah, A. R. Abd-Allah, A. O. S. El-Kadi and A. A. Alheider. 2012. Camel milk triggers apoptotic signaling pathways in human hepatoma HepG2 and breast cancer MCF7 cell lines through transcriptional mechanism. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012: 1-9.
47. Li, H. and V. Papadopoulos. 1998. Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor function in cholesterol transport. Identification of a putative cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid sequence and consensus pattern. Endocrinology. 139: 4991-4997.
48. Magjeed, N. A. 2005. Corrective effect of milk camel on some cancer biomarkers in blood of rats intoxicated with Aflatoxin B1. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 9(2): 253-263.
49. Magjeed, N. A. 2005. Corrective effect of milk camel on some cancer biomarkers in blood of rats intoxicated with Aflatoxin B1. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 9(2): 253-263.
50. Mal, G., D. S. Sena, V. K. Jain and M. S. Sahani. 2006. Therapeutic value of camel milk as nutritional supplement for multiple drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis patients. IJVM 61: 88-91.
51. Mal, G., D. S. Sena, V. K. Jain and M. S. Sahani. 2006. Therapeutic value of camel milk as nutritional supplement for multiple drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis patients. IJVM 61: 88-91.
52. Malik, A., A. Al-Senaidy, E. S. Jankun and J. Jankun 2012. A study of the anti-diabetic agents of camel milk. Int. J. Mol. Med. 30: 585-592.
53. Martin, F., C. Volpari, C. Steinkuhler, N. Dimas, M. Burnetti, G. Biasiol, S. Altamura, R. Cortese, R. De Francesco and M. Sollazzo. 1997. Affinity selection of a camelized V (H) domain antibody inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. Protein Eng. 10: 607-614.
54. Patel, A.S., Patel, S.G., Patel, N.R. and Chaudhary, G.V. 2016. Importance of camel milk – An Physicochemical quality of camel milk. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences 2:164-166. Proceedings of the 9th Kenya Camel Forum
55. Quan, S., H. Tsuda. And T. Miyamoto. 2008. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in skim milk fermented with lactobacillus Helvetius 130B4 from camel milk in Mongolia, China. J. Sci. Food Agric. 88: 2688-2692.
56. Rao, D. R., C. B. Chawan and S. R. Pulusani. 1981. Influence of milk and thermophilus milk on plasma cholesterol levels and hepatic cholesterogenesis in rates. J. Food Sci. 46: 1339-1341.
57. Redwan, El. R. M. and A. Tabll. 2007. Camel lactoferrin markedly inhibits hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection of human peripheral blood leukocytes. J. Immunoassay Immunochem. 28(3): 267-277.
58. Roger D. 2006. Précis d‗écologie. Ed. Dunod, Paris: P 434.
59. Salandra G, Goffredo E, Pedarra C, Nardella M, Parisi A (2008) Occurrence, characterization and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Staphylococcus species isolated from dairy products in southern Italy. Int Food Microbiol 9: 327-360.
60. Saltanat, H., H. Li, Y. Xu, J. Wang, F. Liu and X. H. Geng. 2009. The influences of camel milk on the immune response of chronic hepatitis B. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 25(5): 431-433.
61. Sawaya, W., Khail, J., Al-Shalhat, A. and Al-Mohammad, A. 1984. Chemical Composition and Nutritional Quality of Camel Milk. Journal of Food Science. Volume 49, Issue 3, pages 744–747, May.
62. Schwartz, H. and Dioli, M. 1992. The one- humped camel in eastern Africa. A pictorial guide to diseases, health care and management. Varlag Josef-Margraf scientific Books, 8th Edition, Weikersheim, Germany, Pp50-57
63. Scoones, I and Wolmer, W. 2006. Livestock, diseases, trade and markets: policy choices for the livestock sector in Africa. IDS working paper 269. UK.
64. Serda B, Bekele A, Abebe D (2018) Prevalence and Contamination Level of Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Camel Milk and Associated
65. Serda B, Bekele A, Abebe D (2018) Prevalence and Contamination Level of Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Camel Milk and Associated Risk Factors in Jigjiga District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Vet Sci Technol9: 501. doi:10.4172/2157-7579.1000501
66. Shabo, Y. and Yagil R. 2005. Etiology of autism and camel milk as therapy. International Journal of Disability and Human Development, 4: 67-70.
67. Shabo, Y., R. Barzel, M. Margoulis and R. Yagil. 2005. Camel milk for food allergies in children. IMAJ. 7: 796-798.
68. Sharmanov, T. S. and A. K. Dzhangabylov. 1991. Medical properties of kumis and Shubat (in Russian). Ed. Gylym, Almaty, Kazakhstan, p. 173.
69. Shori, A. B. 2015. Camel milk as a potential therapy for controlling diabetes and its complications: A review of in vivo studies. J. Food Drug. Anal. XXX: 1-10.
70. Simeneh, K. 2015. Characterization OF Camelusdromedarius in Ethiopia: Production system, reproductive performance and infertility problem (Doctoral dissertation).
71. Smith K (2007) Food borne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins. Food Drug Administration Center Food Safety Applied Nutrition 10: 119-150.
72. Tegegne A, Gebrewold A. 1997. Prospects for peri-urban dairy development in Ethiopia; In Proc. 5th National Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, p. 28.
73. Teshome H, Molla B, Tibbo M. 2003). A sero surveillance study of camel brucellosis in three camel rearing regions of Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 35:381-389
74. Valérie Eberlein. 2007. Hygienic status of camel milk in Dubai (United Arab Emirates) under two different milking management systems. Thesis for the attainment of the title of Doctor in Veterinary Medicine from the Veterinary Faculty Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,
75. Vanegas MC, Vasquez E, Marthinez AJ, Rueda AM (2009) Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in raw whole milk for human consumption in Colombia by real time PCR. Food Control 20: 430-432.
76. Wernery, R. and R. Yagil. 2012. Medicinal properties in camel milk for treatment of Epidemic Diseases. Proceedings of the 3rd ISOCARD International Conference, 29th January-1st February 2012 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, Pp. 225-227.
77. Wernery, V. 2003. Novel observations on camel: Camel health in relation to camel milk.
78. Wubete A (2004) Bacteriological quality of bovine milk in small holder dairy farms in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. MSc. Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University.
79. Yagil R. 1982. Camels and camel milk. FAO Animal production and health paper, Rome, Italy, 69: 68-93.
80. Yagil, R. 2013. Camel milk and its unique anti-diarrheal properties. IMAJ. 15: 35-36.
81. Yagil, R. and Etzion, Z. 1980. Milk yield of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in drought areas. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 67 A: 207–209.
82. Yateem, A., M. T. Balba, T. Al-Surrayai, B. Al-Mutairi and R. Al-Daher.2008. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential from camel milk. Int. J. Dairy Sci. 3: 194-199.
83. Younan M and O Abdurrahman. 2004. Milk hygiene and udder health. In: Farah Z and A Fishcher (Eds). Milk and Meat from the Camel Handbook on Products and Processing, VdfHochschulver lag AG, ETH Zurich, Zurich/Singen, Switzerland; 67-76.
84. Zagorski, O., A. Maman, A. Yafee, A. Meisles, C. V. Creveld and R. Yagil. 1998. Insulin in milk A comparative study. Int. J. Anim. Sci. 13: 241-244.
2. Abu–Lehia, I. 1990. The variable contents of lactose and chloride in camel milk. Egyptian J. Dairy Sci., 18: 303–14.
3. Abu–Tarboush, H. 1996. Comparison of associative growth and proteolytic activity of yoghurt starters in whole milk from camels and cows. J. Dairy Sci., 79: 366–77.
4. Agrawal, R. P., S. C. Swami, R. Beniwal, D. K. Kochar, M. S. Sahani, F. C. Tuteje and S. K. Ghouri. 2003. Effect of camel milk on glycaemic control, risk factors and diabetes quality of life in type- 1diabetes:A randomized prospective controlled study. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 73(10): 1105-1110.
5. Ahmed, Isam A. Mohamed, Efadil E. Babiker, and Eshraga A. Eissa. 2015. "Physicochemical, Microbiological And Sensory Characteristics Of Yoghurt Produced From Camel Milk During Storage."
6. Ahmed, Isam A. Mohamed, Efadil E. Babiker, and Eshraga A. Eissa. 2015. "Physicochemical, Microbiological and Sensory Characteristics of Yoghurt Produced from Camel Milk during Storage." alternative dairy food. Journal of Livestock Science 7: 19-25.
7. Alhaj, O. A., A. Kanekanian and A. Peters. 2006. The effect of Bifidbacterium lactic and trypsin on cholesterol. In: International Food and Health Innovation Conference, Malmö, Skane Food Innovation Network, Sweden.
8. Al-Majali, A. M., Z. Bani-Ismail, Y. Al-Hami and A. Y. Nour. 2007. Lactoferrin concentration in milk from camels (Camelus dromedaries) with and without subclinical Mastitis. Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 5(3): 120-124.
9. Asresie, Aleme, and Mohammed Yusuf. 2014. "Traditional Consumption, Therapeutic Value and Its Derived Dairy Products of Dromedary Camel (Camelus Dromedaries) Milk in Somali Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia: A Review." Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research 3.1: 240-246.
10. Ateba C, Mbewe M, Moneoang MS, Bezuidenhout CC (2010) Antibioticresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk in the Mafikeng Area, North West province, South Africa. South Afr J Sci 106: 12-13.
11. Attia, H., Kherouatou, N. and Dhouib, A. 2001. Dromedary milk lactic acid fermentation: microbiological and rheological characteristics. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 26: 263–70.
12. Bekele T. 1999. Studies on the respiratory disease ‗Sonbobe‘ in camels in the eastern Lowlands of Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 9:342–345.
13. Benkerroum N, Boughdadi A, Bennani N, Hidane, K (2003) Microbiological quality assessment of Moroccan camel milk and identification of predominating lactic acid bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 14: 645-648.
14. Buonopane, G. J., A. Kilara, J. S. Smith and R. D. McCarthy. 1992. Effect of skim milk supplementation on blood cholesterol concentration, blood pressure, and triglycerides in a free-living human population. J. Am. College Nutr. 11: 56-67.
15. De Buyser, M L., Dufour, B., Maire, M., Lafarge, V. (2001): Implication of milk and milk products in food-borne disease in France and different industrialized countries. – Int. J. Food Microbiol. 67: 1-17.
16. Dukwal, V. Modi, S. and Singh, M. 2007. A comparative study of nutritional composition of camel milk and cow‘s. Camel Conf- Book. International Camel Conference. Bikaner, India.
17. Elagamy, E. I., R. Ruppanner, A. Ismail, C. P. Champagne and R. Assaf. 1992. Antibacterial and antiviral activity of camel‘s milk protective proteins. J. Dairy Res. 59(2): 169-175.
18. El-Agamy, S., Ruppanner, R., Ismail, A., Champagne, C. and Assaf, R. 1992. Antibacterial and Antiviral activity of camel milk protective proteins. Journal of Dairy Research 59: 169-175.
19. Elayan, A. A., A. E. Sulieman and F. A. Saleh. 2008. The hypocholesterolemic effect of Gariss and Gariss containing bifid bacteria in rats fed on a cholesterol-enriched diet. Asian J. Biochem. 3: 43-47.
20. El-Fakharany, E. M., N. Abedelbaky, B. M. Haroun, L. Sanchez, N. A. Redwan and E. M. Redwan. 2012. Anti-infectivity of camel polyclonal antibodies against hepatitis C virus in Huh 7.5 hepatoma. Virol. J. 16(9): 201-211.
21. El-Sayed, M. K., Z. Y. AL-Shoeibi, A. A. Abd El-Ghany and Z. A. Atef. 2011. Effects of camels milk as a vehicle for insulin on glycaemic control and lipid profile in Type 1 diabetics. Am. J. Biochem.Biotechnol. 7(4): 179-189
22. Eyassu, S. 2007. Handling, preservation and Utilization of camel milk in Jigjiga and Shinile
23. FAO (2013).Statistical year book. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
24. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). 1982. FAO Animal Production and Health Papers. Camels and Camel Milk. Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
25. Farah, Z. 1986. Effect of heat treatment on whey proteins of camel milk. Milchwissenschaft 41 (12),
26. Farah, Z. 1993/2. Composition and characteristics Camel milk. J Dairy Res, 60:603-26.
27. Farah, Z. and Fischer, A. (Eds) 2004. Milk and meat from the camel – Handbook on products and processing. Vdf Hochschulverlag, Zürich, Switzerland, pp. 15–28.
28. Farah, Z. and Fischer, A. 2004. Milk and meat from the camel: handbook on products and processing, ETH, Zurich.
29. Food and Agricultural Organization 2011. FAO STAT 2011. Available at: http://faostat.fao.org/site/573/default.aspx
30. Gader, Abdel Galil M. Abdel, and Abdulqader A. Alhaider. 2016. "The unique medicinal properties of camel products: A review of the scientific evidence." Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences.
31. Gizachew, Ayele, Jabir Teha, Tadesse Birhanu. 2015. Ethiopia Nekemte. "Review on Medicinal and Nutritional Values of Camel Milk."
32. Gran HM, Mutukumina AN, Wethlesen A, Narvhus JA (2002) Smallholder dairy processing in Zimbabwe: the production of fermented milk products with particular emphasis on sanitation and microbiological quality. Food Control 13: 161-168.
33. Habib, H. M., W. H. Ibrahim, R. Schneider-Stock and H. M. Hassan. 2013. Camel milk lactoferrin reduces the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells and exerts antioxidant and DNA damage inhibitory activities. Food Chem. 141: 148-152.
34. Habib, H. M., W. H. Ibrahim, R. Schneider-Stock and H. M. Hassan. 2013. Camel milk lactoferrin reduces the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells and exerts antioxidant and DNA damage inhibitory activities. Food Chem. 141: 148-152.
35. Hansen, M., Fernandes, G. and Good, R. 1982. Nutrition and Immunity: The influence of diet on autoimmunity and the role of zinc in the immune response. Annual Review of Nutrition, 2: 151-157.
36. Harrington, P., Archer, J., Davis, J.P., Croft, D.R., Varma, J.K., EIC officers (2002): Outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infections associated with drinking unpasteurized milk through a cow-leasing program-Wisconsin, 2001. – MMWR 51: 548-549.
37. Hattem, H., Manal, A., Naeim, S. and Elham H. 2011. A study on the effect of thermal treatments on composition and some properties of camel milk. Journal of Brewing and Distilling Vol. 2(4), pp. 51–55, November.
38. Kamal and Abdalla 2012. Treatment of Incurable Ailments with Camel‘s Milk and Urine, based on Scientific Research, book in Arabic (ElaajAlamraadAlmostasia Be-labanWa-bool Alebeel, Be-esbaat Al bahth Al-elmi). ISBN: 978-99942-64-15-5. Int‘l University of Africa Press Sudan.
39. Karray, N., C. Lopez, M. Ollivon and H. Attia. 2005. La matiere Grasse du lait de dromadaire: composition, microstructure ET polymorphisme. Une Rrevue OCL. 12: 439-446.
40. Khan, B. and Iqbal, A. 2001. Production and composition of camel milk (review). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 38 (3–4), 64–67.
41. Khaskheli, M., Arain, M., Chaudhry, S., Soomro, A. and Qureshi, A. 2005.Physico-chemical quality of camel milk. J. Agri. Soc. Sci., Vol. 1, No. 2.
42. Knoess, K. 1979. Milk production of the dromedary. In: Camels. IF Symposium Sudan, pp. 201.
43. Konuspayeva, G. and B. Faye. 2011. Identite, vertus therapeutiques ET allegation Sante: les produits ferments d, Asie Centrale. Coll. Culture des laits du Monde, Paris 5-6 Mai 2010. In: Les cahiers de 1OCHA 15: 135-145.
44. Konuspayeva, G., B. Faye, G. Loiseau and D. Levieux, 2006. Lactoferrin and immunoglobin content in camel milk from Kazakhstan. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 38-46.
45. Konuspayeva, G., E. Lemarie, B. Faye, G. Loiseau and D. Montet. 2008. Fatty acid and cholesterol composition of camels (Camelus bactrianus, Camelus dromedarius and hybrids) milk in Kazakhstan. Dairy Sci. Technol. 88: 327-340.
46. Korashy, H. M., Z. H. Maayah, A. R. Abd-Allah, A. O. S. El-Kadi and A. A. Alheider. 2012. Camel milk triggers apoptotic signaling pathways in human hepatoma HepG2 and breast cancer MCF7 cell lines through transcriptional mechanism. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012: 1-9.
47. Li, H. and V. Papadopoulos. 1998. Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor function in cholesterol transport. Identification of a putative cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid sequence and consensus pattern. Endocrinology. 139: 4991-4997.
48. Magjeed, N. A. 2005. Corrective effect of milk camel on some cancer biomarkers in blood of rats intoxicated with Aflatoxin B1. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 9(2): 253-263.
49. Magjeed, N. A. 2005. Corrective effect of milk camel on some cancer biomarkers in blood of rats intoxicated with Aflatoxin B1. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 9(2): 253-263.
50. Mal, G., D. S. Sena, V. K. Jain and M. S. Sahani. 2006. Therapeutic value of camel milk as nutritional supplement for multiple drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis patients. IJVM 61: 88-91.
51. Mal, G., D. S. Sena, V. K. Jain and M. S. Sahani. 2006. Therapeutic value of camel milk as nutritional supplement for multiple drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis patients. IJVM 61: 88-91.
52. Malik, A., A. Al-Senaidy, E. S. Jankun and J. Jankun 2012. A study of the anti-diabetic agents of camel milk. Int. J. Mol. Med. 30: 585-592.
53. Martin, F., C. Volpari, C. Steinkuhler, N. Dimas, M. Burnetti, G. Biasiol, S. Altamura, R. Cortese, R. De Francesco and M. Sollazzo. 1997. Affinity selection of a camelized V (H) domain antibody inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. Protein Eng. 10: 607-614.
54. Patel, A.S., Patel, S.G., Patel, N.R. and Chaudhary, G.V. 2016. Importance of camel milk – An Physicochemical quality of camel milk. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences 2:164-166. Proceedings of the 9th Kenya Camel Forum
55. Quan, S., H. Tsuda. And T. Miyamoto. 2008. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in skim milk fermented with lactobacillus Helvetius 130B4 from camel milk in Mongolia, China. J. Sci. Food Agric. 88: 2688-2692.
56. Rao, D. R., C. B. Chawan and S. R. Pulusani. 1981. Influence of milk and thermophilus milk on plasma cholesterol levels and hepatic cholesterogenesis in rates. J. Food Sci. 46: 1339-1341.
57. Redwan, El. R. M. and A. Tabll. 2007. Camel lactoferrin markedly inhibits hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection of human peripheral blood leukocytes. J. Immunoassay Immunochem. 28(3): 267-277.
58. Roger D. 2006. Précis d‗écologie. Ed. Dunod, Paris: P 434.
59. Salandra G, Goffredo E, Pedarra C, Nardella M, Parisi A (2008) Occurrence, characterization and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Staphylococcus species isolated from dairy products in southern Italy. Int Food Microbiol 9: 327-360.
60. Saltanat, H., H. Li, Y. Xu, J. Wang, F. Liu and X. H. Geng. 2009. The influences of camel milk on the immune response of chronic hepatitis B. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 25(5): 431-433.
61. Sawaya, W., Khail, J., Al-Shalhat, A. and Al-Mohammad, A. 1984. Chemical Composition and Nutritional Quality of Camel Milk. Journal of Food Science. Volume 49, Issue 3, pages 744–747, May.
62. Schwartz, H. and Dioli, M. 1992. The one- humped camel in eastern Africa. A pictorial guide to diseases, health care and management. Varlag Josef-Margraf scientific Books, 8th Edition, Weikersheim, Germany, Pp50-57
63. Scoones, I and Wolmer, W. 2006. Livestock, diseases, trade and markets: policy choices for the livestock sector in Africa. IDS working paper 269. UK.
64. Serda B, Bekele A, Abebe D (2018) Prevalence and Contamination Level of Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Camel Milk and Associated
65. Serda B, Bekele A, Abebe D (2018) Prevalence and Contamination Level of Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Camel Milk and Associated Risk Factors in Jigjiga District, Eastern Ethiopia. J Vet Sci Technol9: 501. doi:10.4172/2157-7579.1000501
66. Shabo, Y. and Yagil R. 2005. Etiology of autism and camel milk as therapy. International Journal of Disability and Human Development, 4: 67-70.
67. Shabo, Y., R. Barzel, M. Margoulis and R. Yagil. 2005. Camel milk for food allergies in children. IMAJ. 7: 796-798.
68. Sharmanov, T. S. and A. K. Dzhangabylov. 1991. Medical properties of kumis and Shubat (in Russian). Ed. Gylym, Almaty, Kazakhstan, p. 173.
69. Shori, A. B. 2015. Camel milk as a potential therapy for controlling diabetes and its complications: A review of in vivo studies. J. Food Drug. Anal. XXX: 1-10.
70. Simeneh, K. 2015. Characterization OF Camelusdromedarius in Ethiopia: Production system, reproductive performance and infertility problem (Doctoral dissertation).
71. Smith K (2007) Food borne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins. Food Drug Administration Center Food Safety Applied Nutrition 10: 119-150.
72. Tegegne A, Gebrewold A. 1997. Prospects for peri-urban dairy development in Ethiopia; In Proc. 5th National Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, p. 28.
73. Teshome H, Molla B, Tibbo M. 2003). A sero surveillance study of camel brucellosis in three camel rearing regions of Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 35:381-389
74. Valérie Eberlein. 2007. Hygienic status of camel milk in Dubai (United Arab Emirates) under two different milking management systems. Thesis for the attainment of the title of Doctor in Veterinary Medicine from the Veterinary Faculty Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,
75. Vanegas MC, Vasquez E, Marthinez AJ, Rueda AM (2009) Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in raw whole milk for human consumption in Colombia by real time PCR. Food Control 20: 430-432.
76. Wernery, R. and R. Yagil. 2012. Medicinal properties in camel milk for treatment of Epidemic Diseases. Proceedings of the 3rd ISOCARD International Conference, 29th January-1st February 2012 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, Pp. 225-227.
77. Wernery, V. 2003. Novel observations on camel: Camel health in relation to camel milk.
78. Wubete A (2004) Bacteriological quality of bovine milk in small holder dairy farms in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. MSc. Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University.
79. Yagil R. 1982. Camels and camel milk. FAO Animal production and health paper, Rome, Italy, 69: 68-93.
80. Yagil, R. 2013. Camel milk and its unique anti-diarrheal properties. IMAJ. 15: 35-36.
81. Yagil, R. and Etzion, Z. 1980. Milk yield of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in drought areas. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 67 A: 207–209.
82. Yateem, A., M. T. Balba, T. Al-Surrayai, B. Al-Mutairi and R. Al-Daher.2008. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential from camel milk. Int. J. Dairy Sci. 3: 194-199.
83. Younan M and O Abdurrahman. 2004. Milk hygiene and udder health. In: Farah Z and A Fishcher (Eds). Milk and Meat from the Camel Handbook on Products and Processing, VdfHochschulver lag AG, ETH Zurich, Zurich/Singen, Switzerland; 67-76.
84. Zagorski, O., A. Maman, A. Yafee, A. Meisles, C. V. Creveld and R. Yagil. 1998. Insulin in milk A comparative study. Int. J. Anim. Sci. 13: 241-244.
Published
2020-12-23
How to Cite
[1]
KEDIR ABDI HASSEN 2020. REVIEW ON NUTRITIONAL, MEDICINAL VALUE OF CAMEL MILK AND ITS PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 348-363. DOI:https://doi.org/10.17605/ijie.v3i12.1034.
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2020 KEDIR ABDI HASSEN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
In submitting the manuscript to the International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE), the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
- The publication has been approved by the author(s) and by responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.
License and Copyright Agreement
Authors who publish with International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the International Journal on Integrated Education (IJIE) published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
