Benefits of Funding Tertiary Education in Nigeria
Keywords:
Funding, Community Development, Tertiary Education, Research, Teaching
Abstract
This paper discussed the benefits of funding tertiary education adequately in Nigeria. Secondary data collected from print and online publications were used for the paper. The paper concluded that adequate funding of tertiary institutions in Nigeria will lead to sufficient funds in the various higher institutions, development of infrastructural facilities, employment of adequate staff, increment in salaries and welfares packages of staffs, reduction in brain-drain problems, prevention of strike actions in the institutions, attraction of international lecturers, research development, improvement in international ranking and attainment of an effective staff training programme. The paper suggested increasing investment in tertiary education. Tertiary institutions should be allowed to charge tuition fees within the parameters set by the government, but the Education Bank needs to be established to offer federal government-backed loans to students who may require them. Federal, state and institutional scholarship awards to help indigent students to pay tuition. Government institutionalized endowment funds for universities to expand their pool of funds. Tertiary institution should use their alumni to generate more revenue and give them incentives to contribute to their university endowment programmes. The government should institutionalize a new model of funding for tertiary education that needs to be developed in a way that will set objective parameters for the allocation of funds from the tertiary education trust fund (TETFUND) based on verified outputs in teaching, research and community service
References
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10. Confederation of Indian Universities (2004). Autonomy of Academic Freedom (www.google.com): March 2005
11. Dawood, O. E. (2012). Corruption in the Nigerian educational system: Its implication in manpower and national development in the age of globalization. Journal of Arts and Education, 6 (2), 149-266.
12. Daniel-Kalio, B. (2019). Policy Implementation and the Challenges of Leadership in Nigerian
a. Universities. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 12(2), 326-350. Retrieved
13. De Diewiet, C. W. (2009). A History of South Africa London: Oxford University Press.
14. Digest- Prof.Rasheed).https://www.nuc.edu.ng/accurate-data-essential-for-national-development- nuc-to-publish-statistical-digest-prof-rasheed/
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28. Noun (2010) Implementation of Educational Policy Plans. Lagos, Nigeria
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30. NUC (2018) NUC says there are 1.9m students in Nigerian universities.
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33. Obi, C. (2015). Challenges of Insecurity and Terrorism in Nigeria: Implication for National Development (February 28, 2015). OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(2), pp. 11-18,
34. Odim O,. O, Annastashia I,. A. & Solomon A. A. (2018). Effect of Strikes on Management and planning of educational activities in Nigerian Universities. Global Journal Of Educational Research (17), 1-8
35. Odetunde, C. (2004). The state of higher education in Nigeria. retrieved (4/2/2004) http://www.Nigeria-deltacongress.com/sarticle/state-of higher education.
36. Odukoya, J. A., Bowale, E., & Okunlola, S. (2018). Formulation and implementation of educational policies in Nigeria. African Educational Research Journal, 6, (1), 1-4.
37. Ogbondah, L. (2010) Adequate funding of public universities in Nigeria for sustainable development, African journal of historical sciences in education, 6(2), 322-323.
38. Ogbondah, L. (2013). Curbing the menace of cultism in Nigerian public universities: The way forward; Annual National Conference of National Association for Research Development (NARD); held at Akwa Ibom State College of Education, Afaha-Nsit, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
39. Ogunode, N,. J,. Ugochukwu,. U,. C,. & Jegede D. (2022) Effects of Strike Actions on Nigerian Higher Education Goals and Programme. European Multidisciplinary Journal 0f Modern Science (6),1-9
40. Ogunode,. N, J,. Ugochukwu, U,. C & Iroegbu,. A,. I (2022) Internationalization of Nigerian Higher Education: Problems and Way Forward. Spanish journal of innovation and integrity, (6), 202-213
41. Ogunode, N. J., & Abubakar, L. (2020) Public Universities Administration in Nigeria: Challenges and the ways forward. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Advanced Technology (IJMSAT), 1(12), 25–35
42. Ogunode N,. J. (2022) Data Collection and Distribution in Nigerian Higher Institutions: Problems and Way Forward. Middle European Scientific Bulletin (9), 704-711
43. Ogunode N,. J, Pajo, W., Akhmedov, D. (2020) Educational Administration in Nigeria: Challenges and The Ways Forward. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 07(03), 773-784
44. Ogunode, N. J. (2020). Administration of public universities in Nigeria: Problems and solutions, Journal Sinestesia, 10(2), 98-109.
45. Ogunode, N. J., & Adamu, D. G. (2021). Shortage of Academic Staff in the Higher Institution of Learning in Nigeria. Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History, 2 (3), 109-123.
46. Ogunode, N. J., Okwelogu, I. S. (2022). Investigation into causes of inadequate academic staff in public universities in north-central Nigeria. Miasto Przyszłości Kielce, 25, 308-313.
47. Ogunode, N. J., & Atobauka, I. S. (2021). Effects of Brain-Drain on Higher Institutions‟ Administration in Nigeria. Pindus Journal of Culture, Literature, and ELT, 8, 33- 41.
48. Ogunode, N. J., Ugochukwu, U. C., & Jegede, D. (2022), Effects of Strike Actions on Nigerian Higher Education Goals and Programme. European Multidisciplinary Journal of Modern Science (6), 1-9.
49. Ogunode, N. J., & Ukozor, C. U. (2022). Implication of insecurity on higher education in south- east geo-political zone of Nigeria and way forward. International Journal on Integrated Education, 5(7), 77-85.
50. Ogunode, N. J., & Ohunene, L. A., & Olatunde-Aiyedun, T. G. (2022). A review of factors responsible for high rate of financial corruption in public universities in Nigeria. Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History, 3(7), 31-41.
51. Ogunode, N. J. & Abubakar, L. (2021). Public universities administration in Nigeria: challenges and the ways forward. International Journal on Integrated Education, 3(11), 163-169.
52. Ogunode, N. J., Josiah, H. F., & Ajape, T. S. (2021). Effects of corruption on public universities administration in Nigeria. Journal of Educational discoveries and long life learning, 2(7), 5-18.
53. Ogunode, N. J. & Emmanuel, D. (2023) Human Resource Management in University System in Nigeria: Barriers and Possible Solutions. Journal of Innovations in Social Sciences. 3(3), 1-13.
54. Ogunode, N. J. & Ade, T. J. (2023) Research Programme in Public Universities in Nigeria. Best Journal of Innovation in Science, Research and Development 2(3), 1-12.
55. Ogunode, N. J. & Olaoye, A. E & Yakubu, I. (2023) Adequate Funding of Public Universities and Effective Implementation of Core Curriculum and Minimum Academic Standards (CCMAS) in North-East, Nigeria Universities. Analytical Journal of Education and Development, 3(3), 215- 222 35.
56. Ogunode, N. J. &, Ohibime, E,.O & Jedege, D,. O (2023). Core Curriculum and Minimum Academic Standards (CCMAS) for Nigerian Universities: Possible Implementation Problems and Way Forward. Journal of Education, Ethics and Value, 2(1),1-9.
57. Ogunode, N. J. (2023). Public Universities in South West Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria: Problems and Solutions, International Journal of Business Diplomacy and Economy 2(1),1-12 37
58. Ogunode, J,. N,., Ukozor, C,. U & Ayoko, V,.O (2023). Insecurity Challenges and Higher Education in Nigeria. Best Journal of Innovation in Science, Research and Development, 02(04), 61-78
59. Ogunode, J,. N, & Ibrahim, U,.I (2023) Analysis of Factors Militating Against Autonomy in Public Universities in Nigeria. International Journal on Integrated Education, 6(4) , 166- 173
60. Ogunode, J,. N,. & Adamu D,. G. (2023) Impact of Integrated Personnel and Payroll Information System (IPPIS) on Federal Universities’ Administration in Nigeria. European Journal of Higher Education and Academic Advancement 1 (2), 1-13
61. Ogunode, J,. N,, Attah, G,. E. & Ebute, J. (2023) Investment in Education in Nigeria: Barriers And Way Forward. European Journal of Higher Education and Academic Advancement 1 (2), 61-71
62. Ogunode, J,. N,. Atobauka, I,. S & Ayoko, V,. O. (2023). University Education Politicization in Nigeria: Implications and Ways Forward. International Journal on Integrated Education 6(1),1-12
63. Ogunode, N., J. Okwelogu, I. S., Enyinnaya, O. &Yahaya, D (2021) Academic Staff of Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria and the Problem of Insecurity. Middle European Scientific Bulletin (18) 206- 217
64. Ogunode N.J., Jegede & Musa, A. (2021) Problems Facing Academic Staff of Nigerian Universities and the Way Forward. International Journal on Integrated Education. 4 (I) 230-239
65. Ogunode N.J. (2020). Administration of Public Universities in Nigeria: Problems and Solutions Journal Sinestesia, 10(2(, 98-109
66. Ogunode N.J., Akinyode, F. & Ayoko, V,. O. (2023). Education Policy Instability in Nigeria and Implications for Educational Development in Nigeria. Web Synergy: International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 2(1),1-12
67. Ogunsaju (13998) opined that administration is concerned with a variety of tasks.
68. Okoli, N. J., Ogbondah, L., & Ewor, R. N. (2016). The History and Development of Public Universities in Nigeria Since 1914. International Journal of Education and Evaluation, 2(12).
69. Otokunefer,T. (2015). NUC’s Sham Accreditation. Available from:
a. www.alphaedufoundation.org/index.php. [Accessed 7 October 2015].
70. Saharareporters. (Dec 20, 2017). N300m fraud rocks Federal University of petroleum resources in delta as EFCC arrests VC, others. Retrieved July 23, 2022 from https://saharareporters.com/2017/12/20/n300m-fraud-rocksfederaluniversity-petroleum- resources-delta-efcc-arrests-vc-others
71. Tunde, O. K. & Issa, A. (2013). The quality of Nigerian higher education and the
a. funding of library resources. Ozean Journal of Social Sciences. 6, 43-53.
72. Transparency International and Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP). (2018). Education fund embezzlement in Nigeria. Retrieved July 23, 2022 from https://www.channelstv.com/tag/education-fundembezzlementin-nigeria/.
73. Udida, I. A., Bassey, U. U, Udofia, I. U. & Egbona, E. A. (2009) system performance and sustainability of higher education in Nigeria.
74. Uzoh. B. C. (2017). An Assessment of the Impact of Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) on Human Resource Development in Nigerian Universities. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(4).
2. Akinpelu, J.A (1984) An Introduction to Philosophy of Education, London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
3. Akomolafe, C. O. & Ibijola, E. Y. (2014). Accreditation of academic programmes
a. and quality assurance in universities in South-West Nigeria. Available from: www.global-conference.eu/proceeding/vol.1. pdf [Accessed 10 August, 2015].
4. Akpan, C. P. (2011). Quality assurance management in higher education. In: Bassey, S. U. and Bassey, U. U. (Eds.) Management of Higher Education in Nigeria. Uyo: Abaam Publishers, pp: 216-229. ISBN: 978-485-684-5
5. Aluko, O. (2020, March 15). IPPIS Implementation meant to Justify $140m -Prof. Ogunyemi, ASUU President. Punch online, https://punchng/ippis-implementation-meant-to justijy- $140mloanprof-ogunyem i-asuu-president.
6. Aluko, O. (2020, May 15). Paying Lecturers without Biometrics is Fraudulent, says ASUU. Punch online, https://punchng.com/ippis-paying-lecturers-without-biometrics-fraudulent- saysasuu/
7. Alechenu, J. (2012), November 13. Nigerian universities lack enough lecturers.
a. The Punch Newspaper. p: 43.
8. Azenabor, G. (2022)The question of university autonomy in Nigeria. https://guardian.ng/opinion/the- question-of-university-autonomy-in-nigeria/
9. Bamiro, O. (2012), June 26. Dean canvasses increased education funding. The Punch Newspaper. p: 41.
10. Confederation of Indian Universities (2004). Autonomy of Academic Freedom (www.google.com): March 2005
11. Dawood, O. E. (2012). Corruption in the Nigerian educational system: Its implication in manpower and national development in the age of globalization. Journal of Arts and Education, 6 (2), 149-266.
12. Daniel-Kalio, B. (2019). Policy Implementation and the Challenges of Leadership in Nigerian
a. Universities. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 12(2), 326-350. Retrieved
13. De Diewiet, C. W. (2009). A History of South Africa London: Oxford University Press.
14. Digest- Prof.Rasheed).https://www.nuc.edu.ng/accurate-data-essential-for-national-development- nuc-to-publish-statistical-digest-prof-rasheed/
15. Doki, J. F. (2019, December.13) ASUU & IPPIS: The Truth of the Matter. Punch online, https://punchng.com/asuu-ippis-the-truth-of-the-matter/
16. Enogholase, G. (2013, December 28). Poor infrastructure in universities. Sunday vanguard newspaper). www.vanguard.com/2013/12/poorinstrastructuraluniversities. Retrieved 3/25/2014.
17. Ebehikhalu, N. O., & Dawam, P. (2016). Inadequacy of teaching and learning infrastructure: reason Nigerian universities cannot drive innovations. Australian Journal of Education and Learning Research, 2(6), 163-142.
18. Edinyang, S. D., & Ubi, I. E. (2013). Effect of strike action on human development among social Studies secondary school students in Uyo local government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Global journal of human resource management, 1(2), 1–8.
19. Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2013). National policy on education 6th ed. Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC).
20. Ishola, A. (2018). Poor policy implementation: A setback to education in Nigeria.
a. EDUCELEB.com. retrieved from: https://educeleb.com/poor-policy-implementation- asetback-to-education-in-nigeria/.
21. Khan, A. R., & Khandaker, S. (2016). A critical insight into policy implementation and
a. implementation performance. Public Policy and Administration 2016, T. 15, No. 4 / 2016,
b. Vol. 15 (4) P. 538–548. DOI:10.13165/VPA-16-15-4-02
22. Koko, M. N. (2015). University business management: What you don’t know may hurt.
a. Inaugural lecture series 34. Port Harcourt: Graville Global Concept.
23. Lawan, A.& Ogunode N.J. (2021). Strike actions in Nigerian higher institutions: Meaning, causes, effects, achievement and way forward. Scholarly Publishing Discourse1(1),1-30
24. Leadership (2022) In 23 Years: Students Lose Cumulative 4 Years To 16 ASUU Strikes
a. https://leadership.ng/in-23-years-students-lose-cumulative-4-years-to-16-asuu-strikes/
25. Martins, F. (2005) Historical analysis of educational policy formulation in Nigeria: implications for educational planning and policy. International Journal of African and African- American Studies, 4, (2), 1-7.
26. Manafa, I, F. (2011) The Administrative Constraints to Policy Implementation in Federal Government Colleges in South East Nigeria. Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
27. Nyewusira, B.N. (2014). Politics in Nigerian university education, 1925-2010: A historical appraisal. Being a Ph.D Dissertation submitted to College of Graduate Studies, University of Port Harcourt.
28. Noun (2010) Implementation of Educational Policy Plans. Lagos, Nigeria
29. NOUN (2009) Issues and Problems of Higher Education in Nigeria. Lagos.
30. NUC (2018) NUC says there are 1.9m students in Nigerian universities.
31. NUC (2016) Accurate Data Essential for National Development (NUC To Publish Statistical
32. Obadara, O. E. & Alaka, A. A. (2013). Accreditation and quality assurance in
a. Nigerian universities. Journal of Education and Practice. 4, 13-41.
33. Obi, C. (2015). Challenges of Insecurity and Terrorism in Nigeria: Implication for National Development (February 28, 2015). OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(2), pp. 11-18,
34. Odim O,. O, Annastashia I,. A. & Solomon A. A. (2018). Effect of Strikes on Management and planning of educational activities in Nigerian Universities. Global Journal Of Educational Research (17), 1-8
35. Odetunde, C. (2004). The state of higher education in Nigeria. retrieved (4/2/2004) http://www.Nigeria-deltacongress.com/sarticle/state-of higher education.
36. Odukoya, J. A., Bowale, E., & Okunlola, S. (2018). Formulation and implementation of educational policies in Nigeria. African Educational Research Journal, 6, (1), 1-4.
37. Ogbondah, L. (2010) Adequate funding of public universities in Nigeria for sustainable development, African journal of historical sciences in education, 6(2), 322-323.
38. Ogbondah, L. (2013). Curbing the menace of cultism in Nigerian public universities: The way forward; Annual National Conference of National Association for Research Development (NARD); held at Akwa Ibom State College of Education, Afaha-Nsit, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
39. Ogunode, N,. J,. Ugochukwu,. U,. C,. & Jegede D. (2022) Effects of Strike Actions on Nigerian Higher Education Goals and Programme. European Multidisciplinary Journal 0f Modern Science (6),1-9
40. Ogunode,. N, J,. Ugochukwu, U,. C & Iroegbu,. A,. I (2022) Internationalization of Nigerian Higher Education: Problems and Way Forward. Spanish journal of innovation and integrity, (6), 202-213
41. Ogunode, N. J., & Abubakar, L. (2020) Public Universities Administration in Nigeria: Challenges and the ways forward. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Advanced Technology (IJMSAT), 1(12), 25–35
42. Ogunode N,. J. (2022) Data Collection and Distribution in Nigerian Higher Institutions: Problems and Way Forward. Middle European Scientific Bulletin (9), 704-711
43. Ogunode N,. J, Pajo, W., Akhmedov, D. (2020) Educational Administration in Nigeria: Challenges and The Ways Forward. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 07(03), 773-784
44. Ogunode, N. J. (2020). Administration of public universities in Nigeria: Problems and solutions, Journal Sinestesia, 10(2), 98-109.
45. Ogunode, N. J., & Adamu, D. G. (2021). Shortage of Academic Staff in the Higher Institution of Learning in Nigeria. Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History, 2 (3), 109-123.
46. Ogunode, N. J., Okwelogu, I. S. (2022). Investigation into causes of inadequate academic staff in public universities in north-central Nigeria. Miasto Przyszłości Kielce, 25, 308-313.
47. Ogunode, N. J., & Atobauka, I. S. (2021). Effects of Brain-Drain on Higher Institutions‟ Administration in Nigeria. Pindus Journal of Culture, Literature, and ELT, 8, 33- 41.
48. Ogunode, N. J., Ugochukwu, U. C., & Jegede, D. (2022), Effects of Strike Actions on Nigerian Higher Education Goals and Programme. European Multidisciplinary Journal of Modern Science (6), 1-9.
49. Ogunode, N. J., & Ukozor, C. U. (2022). Implication of insecurity on higher education in south- east geo-political zone of Nigeria and way forward. International Journal on Integrated Education, 5(7), 77-85.
50. Ogunode, N. J., & Ohunene, L. A., & Olatunde-Aiyedun, T. G. (2022). A review of factors responsible for high rate of financial corruption in public universities in Nigeria. Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History, 3(7), 31-41.
51. Ogunode, N. J. & Abubakar, L. (2021). Public universities administration in Nigeria: challenges and the ways forward. International Journal on Integrated Education, 3(11), 163-169.
52. Ogunode, N. J., Josiah, H. F., & Ajape, T. S. (2021). Effects of corruption on public universities administration in Nigeria. Journal of Educational discoveries and long life learning, 2(7), 5-18.
53. Ogunode, N. J. & Emmanuel, D. (2023) Human Resource Management in University System in Nigeria: Barriers and Possible Solutions. Journal of Innovations in Social Sciences. 3(3), 1-13.
54. Ogunode, N. J. & Ade, T. J. (2023) Research Programme in Public Universities in Nigeria. Best Journal of Innovation in Science, Research and Development 2(3), 1-12.
55. Ogunode, N. J. & Olaoye, A. E & Yakubu, I. (2023) Adequate Funding of Public Universities and Effective Implementation of Core Curriculum and Minimum Academic Standards (CCMAS) in North-East, Nigeria Universities. Analytical Journal of Education and Development, 3(3), 215- 222 35.
56. Ogunode, N. J. &, Ohibime, E,.O & Jedege, D,. O (2023). Core Curriculum and Minimum Academic Standards (CCMAS) for Nigerian Universities: Possible Implementation Problems and Way Forward. Journal of Education, Ethics and Value, 2(1),1-9.
57. Ogunode, N. J. (2023). Public Universities in South West Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria: Problems and Solutions, International Journal of Business Diplomacy and Economy 2(1),1-12 37
58. Ogunode, J,. N,., Ukozor, C,. U & Ayoko, V,.O (2023). Insecurity Challenges and Higher Education in Nigeria. Best Journal of Innovation in Science, Research and Development, 02(04), 61-78
59. Ogunode, J,. N, & Ibrahim, U,.I (2023) Analysis of Factors Militating Against Autonomy in Public Universities in Nigeria. International Journal on Integrated Education, 6(4) , 166- 173
60. Ogunode, J,. N,. & Adamu D,. G. (2023) Impact of Integrated Personnel and Payroll Information System (IPPIS) on Federal Universities’ Administration in Nigeria. European Journal of Higher Education and Academic Advancement 1 (2), 1-13
61. Ogunode, J,. N,, Attah, G,. E. & Ebute, J. (2023) Investment in Education in Nigeria: Barriers And Way Forward. European Journal of Higher Education and Academic Advancement 1 (2), 61-71
62. Ogunode, J,. N,. Atobauka, I,. S & Ayoko, V,. O. (2023). University Education Politicization in Nigeria: Implications and Ways Forward. International Journal on Integrated Education 6(1),1-12
63. Ogunode, N., J. Okwelogu, I. S., Enyinnaya, O. &Yahaya, D (2021) Academic Staff of Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria and the Problem of Insecurity. Middle European Scientific Bulletin (18) 206- 217
64. Ogunode N.J., Jegede & Musa, A. (2021) Problems Facing Academic Staff of Nigerian Universities and the Way Forward. International Journal on Integrated Education. 4 (I) 230-239
65. Ogunode N.J. (2020). Administration of Public Universities in Nigeria: Problems and Solutions Journal Sinestesia, 10(2(, 98-109
66. Ogunode N.J., Akinyode, F. & Ayoko, V,. O. (2023). Education Policy Instability in Nigeria and Implications for Educational Development in Nigeria. Web Synergy: International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 2(1),1-12
67. Ogunsaju (13998) opined that administration is concerned with a variety of tasks.
68. Okoli, N. J., Ogbondah, L., & Ewor, R. N. (2016). The History and Development of Public Universities in Nigeria Since 1914. International Journal of Education and Evaluation, 2(12).
69. Otokunefer,T. (2015). NUC’s Sham Accreditation. Available from:
a. www.alphaedufoundation.org/index.php. [Accessed 7 October 2015].
70. Saharareporters. (Dec 20, 2017). N300m fraud rocks Federal University of petroleum resources in delta as EFCC arrests VC, others. Retrieved July 23, 2022 from https://saharareporters.com/2017/12/20/n300m-fraud-rocksfederaluniversity-petroleum- resources-delta-efcc-arrests-vc-others
71. Tunde, O. K. & Issa, A. (2013). The quality of Nigerian higher education and the
a. funding of library resources. Ozean Journal of Social Sciences. 6, 43-53.
72. Transparency International and Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP). (2018). Education fund embezzlement in Nigeria. Retrieved July 23, 2022 from https://www.channelstv.com/tag/education-fundembezzlementin-nigeria/.
73. Udida, I. A., Bassey, U. U, Udofia, I. U. & Egbona, E. A. (2009) system performance and sustainability of higher education in Nigeria.
74. Uzoh. B. C. (2017). An Assessment of the Impact of Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) on Human Resource Development in Nigerian Universities. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(4).
Published
2023-06-08
How to Cite
[1]
Ogunode , N.J., Olowonefa, J.A. and Suleiman, S. 2023. Benefits of Funding Tertiary Education in Nigeria. International Journal on Integrated Education. 6, 6 (Jun. 2023), 99-113. DOI:https://doi.org/10.17605/ijie.v6i6.4475.
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